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Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 18 of 36 increase the therapeutic effect while protecting the heart [264]. A study loaded resveratrol and quercetin Pluronic® F127 micelles (mRQ) with doxorubicin hydrochloride and found that the heart was protected by the combination with the two polyphenolic compounds. In addition, the presence of mRQ did not affect the caspase activity of human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3), but significantly reduced the caspase activity of rat cardiomyocytes (H9C2) [265]. Replacing the quercetin in the nanoparticles with curcumin gave similar results. The combined use of polyphenols and doxorubicin can reduce cardiac toxicity by reducing apoptosis and ROS production, and increase the efficacy of doxorubicin against ovarian cancer cells [266]. A large number of research results have shown that many biological activities of polyphenols are fully reflected by encapsulation in micelles. Curcumin encapsulated in monomethoxy-polyethylene glycol-chitosan-S-S-hexadecyl micelles effectively promoted the accumulation of active substances in cells and significantly down-regulated the expression of tumor necrosis factor. In addition, the nanoparticles also showed good anti-inflammatory effects in the tumor microenvironment [267]. Compared with free doxorubicin, doxorubicin/curcumin colloidal nanoparticles in human liver cancer SMMC 7721 cells exhibit prolonged release, a higher rate of cell apoptosis, and a stronger anti-angiogenesis effect [268]. In another study, resveratrol was loaded into cholesterol-polyamide micelles by solvent evaporation. The micelles reduced the production of pro-inflammatory factors in the lungs by the inhibiting nuclear transposition of NF-κB, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol (Figure 9) [269]. Washington et al. [270] used poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(γ-benzyl-ε-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PBCL) amphiphilic copolymer micelles loaded with doxorubicin and resveratrol. The encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin in PEG-b-PBCL micelles was only 31%, while co-loading increased the encapsulation rate to 87.7%. In addition, the composite drug-loaded micelles were more cytotoxic to HeLa cells than micelles containing only DOX. Molecules 2020, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 36 Figure 9.SySnytnhtehseisiosfocfhoclheostlesrotel-rcool-ncjoungjautgeadtePdAMPAMA(MPA(MPA-CMh-oCl)h(oAl) a(And) panredpaprraetpioanraotfiothneopfHthOe- p1H/POA-M1/P-CAhMol-/CRheosl/cRoems pcolemxp(lBe)x. (TBh).eThemhemoxeyogxeyngaesnea-s1e-g1egnen(ep(HpHO-O1-)1. )A. Adadpatpetdedfrforommrreeffeerreenccee [269]. Copyright 2018 Royal Society of Chemiisttry.. 3.7. Nanoemulsion 3.7. Nanoemulsion Nanoemulsion refers to a system composed of two immiscible liquids, that is divided into an Nanoemulsion refers to a system composed of two immiscible liquids, that is divided into an internal phase (or dispersed phase) and an external phase (or continuous phase). The internal phase is internal phase (or dispersed phase) and an external phase (or continuous phase). The internal phase dispersed in the external phase [271]. Emulsions can be divided into micro- (10–100 nm), mini (nano)- is dispersed in the external phase [271]. Emulsions can be divided into micro- (10–100 nm), mini (100–1000 nm), and macro-emulsions (0.5–100 mm) according to size [272], and many properties of (nano)- (100–1000nm), and macro-emulsions (0.5–100mm) according to size [272], and many the emulsion, such as stability, color and stability, are closely related to droplet size. Nanoemulsion is properties of the emulsion, such as stability, color and stability, are closely related to droplet size. located between normal emulsion and microemulsionQ, and the average diameter is mostly less than Nanoemulsion is located between normal emulsion and microemulsionQ, and the average diameter 100 nm. is mostly less than 100 nm. Nanoemulsions have been used to encapsulate a variety of polyphenolic compounds, such as Nanoemulsions have been used to encapsulate a variety of polyphenolic compounds, such as curcumin, due to their small size, large surface area, high optical clarity, good stability, and ability curcumin, due to their small size, large surface area, high optical clarity, good stability, and ability to to improve drug bioavailability. Yu et al. [273] prepared a nanoemulsion with a curcumin organogel. improve drug bioavailability. Yu et al. [273] prepared a nanoemulsion with a curcumin organogel. Pharmacokinetic analysis in mice showed that the oral availability of curcumin from the nanoemulsion was nine times higher than that of unformulated curcumin, and the digestion of the nanoemulsion in the gastrointestinal tract was significantly faster than that of the organogel. Another team used ultrasound to prepare a curcumin-nanoemulsion. In a gastrointestinal simulation experiment, the release rate of curcumin from the nanoemulsion was slower, because thePDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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