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biocompatible, are negatively charged and easily functionalized by other biomolecules [280–282]. Traditional gold nanoparticles are synthesized using chemicals that are harmful to human health and the environment [283]. In recent years, numerous gold nanoparticles have been prepared using plant active compounds that are friendly to the human body and the environment, such as polyphenols [284]. Curcumin (Cur) is the most widely used plant active compound in the preparation of gold Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 20 of 36 nanoparticles (Figure 10). Figure 10. Morphology characterization of CUR-AuNCs: (A) TEM of CUR-AuNCs; the inset image is Figure 10. Morphology characterization of CUR-AuNCs: (A) TEM of CUR-AuNCs; the inset iSmAaEgDeipsaSttAerEnD.(Bpa)tHteRrn-T.E(MB);aHrrRo-wTEinMd;icaartreoswthiendcoicllaetcetsiotnhseocfoallteocmtisontosfofrmatoamcslutsotefro.r(mC)aBicol-uAsFteMr. (hCe)iBghiot-AimFaMgeheoifghCtUimR-aAgueNofCCs.UARd-AaputNedCsf.roAmdarpetfedrefnrcoem[2re8f4e]r.eCncoep[y2r8ig4h].tC2o0p18yrAigmhte2ri0c1a8nACmhermiciacnal CShoecmietiyca.lSociety. Comparreedwiitthffrreeeccurrccumiin,,Curr--AuNPsssshoweedssiigniifificcaanttllyiinccrreeaasseedccyttottoxxiicciittyttoccollon andbrreeaassttccaancceerrcceelllss.. The conjugated nanoparticles showed no toxicity to normal kidney cells, exhiibbititininggexceexlclenlltenbitocboimocpoamtibpialitiybi[l2i8ty5,28[268].5,C2o86m].parCeodmwpitahreodthewr nitahnopoathrteirclesn,agnolpdanratincolepsa,rtigcolelsd anraencopmarptoicsleds aorfeacosmaplolsneudmofbearsomfaalltonmums,baenrdoflfuatormessc,eaundndfleurovriessicbeleulnigdhert (v5i5si0blnemli)gihrtra(5d5ia0tniomn). Tirhriasdifaetaitounr.eThmisafkeeastutrheemakuesetfhuelmfoursebfiuollfoogricbaiol loimgiacgailnimg.agiCngo.mCpoamrepdarewditwhitthtehecoconntrtorol lgroup, ccurrccumiin--conjjugatted golld cllustters ((Cur--AuNCs)) siigniifificanttlly iinhiibiitted tthe miigrrattiion off HeLa cceelllss andexhibited signiffiicant cytotoxiiciitty[[228844]]..OOthtehrerpoploylpyhpehneonloclocmopmopuonudnsdcsancaanlsaolspoarptiacritpicaitpeaitnetihne tshyentshyenstihseosfisgofldgnoaldnonpaanrotipclaerst.icCleosm. pCaroemdpwaritehdfrweiethEGfrCeeGEaGndCGcitarantde-gciotlrdatne-agnolpdarntaicnloesp,aArtuicNlePss, ApureNpParsepdrewpiathreEdGwCiGthaEsGaCrGedauscainrgedaguecnintgmaogrenptomteonrtelypointehnibtliyt tihnehigbriotwthtehgorfocwatnhceorfcealnlscesruchellass sPuCch3 ansdPCM3DaAnd-MMB-D2A31-ManBd-2i3n1daunced ainpdoupctoesaisp.oRpetsovseisr.atRroels-vgoerldatrnoaln-goopladrtnicalnesopharvtieclgeosohdavsteabgioliotdy, sptahboitloityh,eprmhoatlotpherfmoraml apnecreforamnadncaenatinodxidanantitoxciadpaanctitcya.paMciotyre. oMveorr,eouvnedre, runladseerrlaisrerardiriaratidoina,tiothne, tnhaennoapnaortpicalretsicbleloscbklothcekctahnececrancceellrccyecllecayncdleinahnidbiitncheilblidtivceislliodni,vliesaiodnin,gletaodaipngopttosaipso[2p8t7o]s.isSt[u2d8i7e]s. Shtauvdeieaslshoaevealaulasotedevtahleueaftfedctsthoef qeffuercctsetoinf-qguoledrcneatino-pgaorltdicnleasnionpbarretaicsltecsanincebrrceealsltlicnaensc.eItrwcealslfloinuensd. Ithwatatshfeounanndotphartttihclesnianhoipbaitretdicltehseiannhgibioitgeedntehseisaanngdiomgentaestiassaisndofmbreetastacsaisncoefrbcrelalstbcyatnacregrectienllgs tbhye tEarGgFeRtin/VgEtGheFERG-2FRsi/gVnEaGliFnRg-2psaitghnwaaliyn.gCpaotmhwparye.dCowmitpharferdeewqituhefrceetiqnu,enrcaentoinp,anratincolepsaritnicdluesceindmuocre mapooreptaopsoispotofsciasnocfecracneclelsr [c2e8ll8s,2[28898].,289]. 3.8.2. Silver NPs (Ag NPs) 3.8.2. Silver NPs (Ag NPs) Similar to gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles also have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, Similar to gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles also have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer and other biological activities [290]. In recent years, researchers have been interested in anti-cancer and other biological activities [290]. In recent years, researchers have been interested in the use of plant extracts, such as polyphenols, as reducing agents and stabilizers for green synthesis the use of plant extracts, such as polyphenols, as reducing agents and stabilizers for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles [291]. Green synthetic methods embody the advantages of cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness and biocompatibility [292]. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs has attracted much attention. AgNPs synthesized using hydrolyzate rich in polyphenols have good activity against bacteria and fungi [293]. Silver nanoparticles synthesized from the aqueous extract of laurel stem had significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria [294]. Other biological properties of AgNPs synthesized from polyphenolic plant extracts, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities, have also attracted increasing attention. Polyphenols (extracted from Cornus officinalis)-silver nanoparticles inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB in macrophages, thus showing good anti-inflammatory activity in the treatment of psoriasis [295]. AgNPs prepared using the water extract of Lintong leaf is a good analgesic and muscle relaxant, and can be used for pain care [296]. Although silver nanoparticles themselves have antibacterial and anticancer activities, the role of polyphenols and other plant extracts in AgNPs should not be ignored. Studies have shown that these active substances can bind to the final AgNPs. In fact, polyphenols and silver have a synergistic relationship in respect of antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and other properties [297,298].PDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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