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Molecules 2020, 25, 4613 21 of 36 4. Conclusions and Future Trends As some of the most widely distributed plant active compounds, phenolic compounds have many functions that are beneficial to human health. However, the low solubility, poor stability and low bioavailability of these compounds greatly limit their applications in food and medicine. Encapsulation in nanoparticles can overcome these limitations and can control/target their release under specific conditions. Therefore, nanotechnology provides an ideal carrier system to improve the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of polyphenols. Although nanoparticles are nearly perfect as carriers, their toxicity and side effects still need to be considered and minimized before clinical application. Because polyphenols are natural compounds that need to be taken for long periods of time to prevent and treat disease, it is important to understand the toxic side effects of nanoparticles when they accumulate in the body, especially if the nanoparticles have a low encapsulation rate. It is therefore necessary to establish standardized in vitro and in vivo models and conduct safety tests to promote the development and application of new nanoparticles beneficial to human health. Author Contributions: B.Y. and Y.D. drafted the manuscript. F.W. contributed to acquisition of literature data. Y.Z. outlined and edited the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFD0600801), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20181401) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31200564). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Hu, B.; Liu, X.X.; Zhang, C.L.; Zeng, X.X. Food macromolecule based nanodelivery systems for enhancing the bioavailability of polyphenols. J. Food Drug Anal. 2017, 25, 3–15. [CrossRef] 2. Cvetanovic ́, A.; Švarc-Gajic ́, J.; Gašic ́, U.; Tešic ́, Ž.; Zengin, G.; Zekovic ́, Z.; Ðurovic ́, S. Isolation of apigenin from subcritical water extracts: Optimization of the process. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2017, 120, 32–42. [CrossRef] 3. Kostic ́, A.Ž.; Gašic ́, U.M.; Pešic ́, M.B.; Stanojevic ́, S.P.; Barac ́, M.B.; Macˇukanovic ́-Jocic ́, M.P.; Avramov, S.N.; Tešic ́, Ž.L. Phytochemical analysis and total antioxidant capacity of rhizome, above-ground vegetative parts and flower of three Iris species. Chem. Biodivers. 2019, 16, e1800565. [CrossRef] 4. Kostic ́, A.Ž.; Milincˇic ́, D.D.; Gašic ́, U.M.; Nedic ́, N.; Stanojevic ́, S.P.; Tešic ́, Ž.L.; Pešic ́, M.B. Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant properties of bee-collected pollen from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plant. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 112, 108244. [CrossRef] 5. Pavlovic ́,A.V.;Papetti,A.;Zagorac,D.Cˇ.D.;Gašic ́,U.M.;Mišic ́,D.M.;Tešic ́,Ž.L.;Natic ́,M.M.Phenolics composition of leaf extracts of raspberry and blackberry cultivars grown in Serbia. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2016, 87, 304–314. [CrossRef] 6. Khalid, M.; Saeed-ur, R.; Bilal, M.; Huang, D.F. Role of flavonoids in plant interactions with the environment and against human pathogens—A review. J. Integr. Agric. 2019, 18, 211–230. [CrossRef] 7. Daza, L.D.; Fujita, A.; Granato, D.; Favaro-Trindade, C.S.; Genovese, M.I. Functional properties of encapsulated Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica DC.) fruit extract. Food Biosci. 2017, 18, 15–21. [CrossRef] 8. Stanisavljevic ́,N.S.;Ilic ́,M.D.;Matic ́,I.Z.;Jovanovic ́,Ž.S.;Cˇupic ́,T.;Dabic ́,D.Cˇ.;Natic ́,M.M.;Tešic ́,Ž.L. Identification of phenolic compounds from seed coats of differently colored european varieties of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and characterization of their antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activities. Nutr. Cancer 2016, 68, 988–1000. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 9. Murador, D.; Braga, A.R.; Da Cunha, D.; De Rosso, V. Alterations in phenolic compound levels and antioxidant activity in response to cooking technique effects: A meta-analytic investigation. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2018, 58, 169–177. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 10. Rostami, M.; Yousefi, M.; Khezerlou, A.; Aman Mohammadi, M.; Jafari, S.M. Application of different biopolymers for nanoencapsulation of antioxidants via electrohydrodynamic processes. Food Hydrocolloids 2019, 97, 105170. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Nanoformulations to Enhance the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Polyphenols
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