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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 16 Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 979 4 of 16 2.5. Nano-Hydroxyapatite Nano-hydroxyapatite has been used in oral care and cosmetic products, being incorporated in various products for the treatment of dental hypersensitivity and enamel remineralization [33] and 2.5. Nano-Hydroxyapatite Nano-hydroxyapatite has been used in oral care and cosmetic products, being incorporated in various is considered to be a promising and safe option for oral care products [34]. Nano-hydroxyapatite products for the treatment of dental hypersensitivity and enamel remineralization [33] and is considered particles have been integrated into oral care products, such as dentifrices and mouthwashes, and to be a promising and safe option for oral care products [34]. Nano-hydroxyapatite particles have been due to its remineralization and desensitization properties, nano-hydroxyapatite could be an integrated into oral care products, such as dentifrices and mouthwashes, and due to its remineralization alternative to fluoride toothpaste [35]. and desensitization properties, nano-hydroxyapatite could be an alternative to fluoride toothpaste [35]. 2.6. Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 2.6. Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Gold [36–46] and silver nanoparticles [47–52], apart from the numerous applications that they Gold [36–46] and silver nanoparticles [47–52], apart from the numerous applications that they have, also show antibacterial and antifungal properties [53]. Gold and silver nanoparticles are used have, also show antibacterial and antifungal properties [53]. Gold and silver nanoparticles are used in in cosmetic products (Figure 2) such as deodorants and anti-aging creams. In Europe, the SCCS, due cosmetic products (Figure 2) such as deodorants and anti-aging creams. In Europe, the SCCS, due to to several major data gaps, has yet to draw any conclusions regarding the safety of colloidal silver in several major data gaps, has yet to draw any conclusions regarding the safety of colloidal silver in nano nano form when used in oral and dermal cosmetic products [54]. In the USA, cosmetic products form when used in oral and dermal cosmetic products [54]. In the USA, cosmetic products cannot claim cannot claim antibacterial properties because that claim is based on a physiological function, and antibacterial properties because that claim is based on a physiological function, and therefore it can therefore it can only be used in drug products and not in cosmetics [55]. It has been reported that only be used in drug products and not in cosmetics [55]. It has been reported that silver nanoparticles silver nanoparticles can be used as effective growth inhibitors in numerous microorganisms [56]. can be used as effective growth inhibitors in numerous microorganisms [56]. Silver and silver-based Silver and silver-based compounds are used to control bacterial growth in various applications [57– compounds are used to control bacterial growth in various applications [57–59]. The use of silver in 59]. The use of silver in cosmetics can be compromised since silver-based compounds gradually cosmetics can be compromised since silver-based compounds gradually precipitate in solutions and precipitate in solutions and emulsions, and a solution to this could be the use of silver nanoparticles. emulsions, and a solution to this could be the use of silver nanoparticles. Kokura et al. [59] studied the Kokura et al. [59] studied the use of silver nanoparticles as a preservative in cosmetics, and reported use of silver nanoparticles as a preservative in cosmetics, and reported that silver nanoparticles remained that silver nanoparticles remained stable, without exhibiting sedimentation, for longer than 1 year. stable, without exhibiting sedimentation, for longer than 1 year. In addition, silver nanoparticles showed In addition, silver nanoparticles showed acceptable preservation efficacy against bacteria and fungi, acceptable preservation efficacy against bacteria and fungi, and did not penetrate human skin [59]. and did not penetrate human skin [59]. Pulit-Prociak et al. [60] studied the application of gold and Pulit-Prociak et al. [60] studied the application of gold and silver nanoparticles in cosmetic formulations. silver nanoparticles in cosmetic formulations. They reported embedding differences between silver They reported embedding differences between silver and gold nanoparticles into the structure of a and gold nanoparticles into the structure of a cream. Silver nanoparticles introduced to the cream cream. Silver nanoparticles introduced to the cream mixture agglomerate, but gold nanoparticles mixture agglomerate, but gold nanoparticles did not agglomerate after introduction to cream did not agglomerate after introduction to cream mixtures. They attributed this phenomenon to the mixtures. They attributed this phenomenon to the greater value of the electrokinetic potential greater value of the electrokinetic potential located on the surface of gold nanoparticles. Based on a located on the surface of gold nanoparticles. Based on a model dermal membrane study, they have model dermal membrane study, they have reported concerns over the penetration of nanoparticles reported concerns over the penetration of nanoparticles into the skin for samples with nanoparticles into the skin for samples with nanoparticles concentration of 110–200 mg/kg. Due to the complex concentration of 110–200 mg/kg. Due to the complex composition of cosmetic creams, it is not easy to composition of cosmetic creams, it is not easy to characterize the primary gold nanomaterials in situ [61]. characterize the primary gold nanomaterials in situ [61]. Cao et al. [61], developed a practical Cao et al. [61], developed a practical protocol including separation, quantification, and characterization protocol including separation, quantification, and characterization of gold nanomaterials present in of gold nanomaterials present in commercially available cosmetic creams. commercially available cosmetic creams. Figure 2. Gold nanoparticles use in cosmetic products. Figure 2. Gold nanoparticles use in cosmetic products. 2.7. Nanoliposomes 2.7. Nanoliposomes Liposomes at nanoscale are called nanoliposomes. They are concentric bilayered vesicles in Liposomes at nanoscale are called nanoliposomes. They are concentric bilayered vesicles in which the aqueous volume is enclosed by a lipid bilayer of phospholipids [8]. Nanoliposomes are which the aqueous volume is enclosed by a lipid bilayer of phospholipids [8]. Nanoliposomes are biodegradable and biocompatible, representing a highly adaptable ingredient category for the cosmetic biodegradable and biocompatible, representing a highly adaptable ingredient category for the field [9]. They are used as protective carriers of active ingredients (e.g., vitamins), for increasingPDF Image | Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Recent Updates
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