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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 979 5 of 16 skin permeability and for moisturizing purposes. They can be used for fragrance delivery in antiperspirants, body-spray deodorants and lipsticks [23]. Despite their promising features, low drug loading, low reproducibility, and physicochemical instability issues have limited their commercial applications in cosmetics [62,63]. 2.8. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) SLNs are distinguishable from NLCs by the composition of their solid particle matrix and are an alternative carrier system to liposomes and emulsions [64]. They act as a carrier for ingredients due to their various advantages over existing conventional formulation, and they are excellent for skin hydration [65]. SLNs are composed of a single layer of shells, and the core is oily or lipoidal in nature [66]. The small size of SLNs ensures close contact with the stratum corneum, which increases the penetration of ingredients through the skin [64]. They can help to increase the water content on the skin and can also act as potential UV blockers. NLCs can carry more active ingredients but SLNs can improve chemical stability [55]. They exhibit easy scalability, in addition to their well-established production methods. They also show skin penetration improvement, biocompatibility and stability being an effective carrier delivery agent [23]. SLNs and NLCs can be found in moisturizing creams and sunscreens [66]. SLNs and NLCs are very well-tolerated carrier systems for dermal applications, and the production of these carrier systems is feasible in laboratory as well as on large scale [64]. 2.9. Nanocapsules Nanocapsules are polymeric NM capsules that are surrounded by an oily or water phase [67]. Nanocapsules are used in cosmetics for the protection of ingredients, for decreasing chemical odors and for resolving incompatibility issues between formulation components [67]. Polymeric nanocapsule suspensions can be directly applied on the skin as a final product, or incorporated into semisolid formulations as an ingredient. The degree of skin penetration of an ingredient can be modulated according to the polymer and the surfactant used as raw materials [68]. Stabilized poly-l-lactic acid nanocapsules with a diameter of approximately 115 nm were prepared through nanoprecipitation, and a sustained release of perfume, by entrapping fragrance molecules in a polymeric nano-carrier was achieved [69]. This kind of encapsulation of molecules in biocompatible nanocapsules can play a significant role in the future of deodorant products. 2.10. Dendrimers Dendrimers possess a spherical architecture composed of a core from which symmetric units are built, and this structure is the main reason for the versatility of dendrimers [23]. Dendrimers are polymers, and due to their stability they help in delivering ingredients through the skin [55]. Dendrimers are used in shampoos, and deodorants [9]. The surface activity of dendrimers’ symmetrical branches is due to the hydrophobic properties of their edge part combined with the hydrophilic characteristics of the core [9]. Properties such as monodispersity, polyvalence, and stability make them ideal carriers for drug delivery [66]. Dendrimer structure has helped to increase the overall loading and skin penetration of resveratrol (known for its anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties) [70], which has led to the later scale-up and commercialization of this dendrimer structure-based product. 2.11. Nanoemulsions Nanoemulsions are typically oil-in-water or water-in-oil colloidal dispersions, which contain droplets that range from a few nanometers to 200 nm in diameter [71]. An increase in patent-protection activities related to nanoemulsions shows growing industrial interest in it [72]. The small size of the droplets can provide the desirable optical, stability, rheological, and ingredient delivery properties, which are superior to conventional emulsions. Nanoemulsions tend to be transparent and stable. An oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion containing Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill hydroglycolic extract was produced, and was characterized by its thermal stability and moisturizing efficacy [73]. Results showedPDF Image | Nanomaterials in Cosmetics: Recent Updates
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