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NNananomomataetreirailasls2022002,01,01,08,9x2FOR PEER REVIEW 55ooff1414 During NIR sintering, it is shown that the conductivity was slightly improved by decreasing the During NIR sintering, it is shown that the conductivity was slightly improved by decreasing the sintering distance. Increasing the sintering distance resulted in an increased lamp intensity required sintering distance. Increasing the sintering distance resulted in an increased lamp intensity required to reach 200 °C and vice versa. Consequently, the NIR radiation per square centimeter remained to reach 200 ◦C and vice versa. Consequently, the NIR radiation per square centimeter remained unchanged because of the PID controller. However, changing the lamp intensity will slightly unchanged because of the PID controller. However, changing the lamp intensity will slightly influence influence the NIR wavelength and therefore it can somewhat influence the sintering behavior which the NIR wavelength and therefore it can somewhat influence the sintering behavior which could could explain the change in conductivity between different sintering distances. Additionally, explain the change in conductivity between different sintering distances. Additionally, decreasing decreasing the sintering distance results in a faster heat up time, causing relatively better conductivity the sintering distance results in a faster heat up time, causing relatively better conductivity at shorter at shorter sintering distances. Figure 2 also illustrates a significant decrease in sintering time from sintering distances. Figure 2 also illustrates a significant decrease in sintering time from 30–90 min 30–90 min to 2–5 min when switching from thermal to NIR sintering, in accordance with earlier to 2–5 min when switching from thermal to NIR sintering, in accordance with earlier studies by J. studies by J. Perelaer [23]. However, the reduction in sintering time resulted in a slight increase in Perelaer [23]. However, the reduction in sintering time resulted in a slight increase in sheet resistance, sheet resistance, from 0.027–0.050 Ω/□ to 0.055–0.085 Ω/□. Preheating the printed samples at 150 °C from 0.027–0.050 Ω/ to 0.055–0.085 Ω/. Preheating the printed samples at 150 ◦C for 10 min in a hot for 10 min in a hot oven, could reduce the sintering time with NIR down to 30 s, but it will prolong oven, could reduce the sintering time with NIR down to 30 s, but it will prolong the total processing the total processing time and again increase the sheet resistance to 0.12–0.19 Ω/□. A deeper look into time and again increase the sheet resistance to 0.12–0.19 Ω/. A deeper look into the mechanisms the mechanisms causing this significant decrease in sintering time compared to oven sintering is causing this significant decrease in sintering time compared to oven sintering is shown in Section 3.3. shown in Section 3.3. Morphology and surface roughness play an important role in ensuring the durability and flexibility Morphology and surface roughness play an important role in ensuring the durability and for possible future application [31]. It is evident from Figure 3A that oven sintered samples already flexibility for possible future application [31]. It is evident from Figure 3A that oven sintered samples attain their optimal morphology from 30 min processing time onward (the point where the silver already attain their optimal morphology from 30 min processing time onward (the point where the depositions start showing electric conductivity). silver depositions start showing electric conductivity). FFigiguurere33..NIIR--conttiinuoussinteringofJSB40Ghasanopttiimaallssininteterrininggddisitsatannceceooff11toto22cmcm(b(lbuleu)e,)i,n inorodredrertotoaachchieiveveeththeeloloweessttaaveerraageesurfface roughness (Ra), with slliighttllyhiiggheerrrreessuultlstscocomppaareredd wwitihthcoconnvveenntitoionnaal loovveennsisninteterirningg(r(erded).).(A(A))InInccoonntrtraasstttotooovveennsisninteterirningg, ,NNIRIRsisninteterirninggoof fJSJS-B-B4400GG rerseusultlstsininthtehfeorfmoramtiaotnioonf aofbiagbciogffeceofrfienegraibnoguatbtwouotttowfiovetotimfivees thime reesgtuhlearrleagyuelratrhliackynerestsh.ic(Bkn) Eesvse.r(By) dEavtaepryoindtatcaopnosinstscountsoisftsthorueetcoofrtrhersepeoncodrinregspsaomndpilnegswsaitmhpelveesrwyistahmepvlermyesamsupreledmoneatswuoreldocoantiotnwso wloitchatihoenpsrwofiitlhomtheteprro(lfiinloemeetaesru(rlienmeemnet)a,stuhreeemrreonrt)b,atrhsererprroersbenartsthrepsrteasnednatrtdhdeesvtaiantdioanrd. deviation. The average Ra roughness will not decrease upon extended heat treatments and varies around The average Ra roughness will not decrease upon extended heat treatments and varies around 13.5 nm, as can be seen in Figure 3A. When sintering times are much shorter than 30 min, SEM images 13.5 nm, as can be seen in Figure 3A. When sintering times are much shorter than 30 min, SEM images reveal that most nanoparticles are still in their original shape, not forming continuous tracks (Figure 2). reveal that most nanoparticles are still in their original shape, not forming continuous tracks (Figure Upon extended sintering times, the nanoparticles coalesce together, creating a smoother conductive 2). Upon extended sintering times, the nanoparticles coalesce together, creating a smoother surface. NIR-continuous sintering also results in a Ra roughness which will remain constant once conductive surface. NIR-continuous sintering also results in a Ra roughness which will remain conductivity is obtained and sintering is fulfilled. However, when comparing surface roughness after constant once conductivity is obtained and sintering is fulfilled. However, when comparing surface sintering at different distances, presented in blue (Figure 3A), an optimum Ra roughness of about roughness after sintering at different distances, presented in blue (Figure 3A), an optimum Ra 25 nm can be observed at a sintering distance between 1 and 2 cm. Sintering at too short distances will roughness of about 25 nm can be observed at a sintering distance between 1 and 2 cm. Sintering at result in an intense and quick heating rate, causing searing in the top layer and creating an irregular too short distances will result in an intense and quick heating rate, causing searing in the top layer surface while sintering at too long a distance will lead to an intensity which is too low to ensure good and creating an irregular surface while sintering at too long a distance will lead to an intensity which is too low to ensure good particle migration and coalescence for this specific ink, because thePDF Image | Nanoparticle Inkjet Inks for Near-Infrared Sintering
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