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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 1 of 26 Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1146 11 of 24 3. Green Synthesized Metallic Nanoparticles for Control of Phytopathogens 3. Green Synthesized Metallic Nanoparticles for Control of Phytopathogens NPs have been used in various fields including plant diseases control [130,151] (Figure 2). Generally, pesticides are used selectively to the pests of the crop plants without affecting on plants NPs have been used in various fields including plant diseases control [130,151] (Figure 2). themselves along with the symbiotic flora, fauna and human beings [161]. However, the Generally, pesticides are used selectively to the pests of the crop plants without affecting on plants indiscriminate applications of these pesticides tend to be the serious public concerns and themselves along with the symbiotic flora, fauna and human beings [161]. However, the indiscriminate environmental issues [162]. Moreover, the occurrence and development of new pathogenic strains is applications of these pesticides tend to be the serious public concerns and environmental issues [162]. a continuous problem, the chemical application is expensive and also not always effective. Recently, Moreover, the occurrence and development of new pathogenic strains is a continuous problem, the progress in the area of green synthesis has inspired scientists and researchers to utilize its the chemical application is expensive and also not always effective. Recently, the progress in the potentials against the pathogenic microorganisms. Biosynthesized metallic NPs such as silver, area of green synthesis has inspired scientists and researchers to utilize its potentials against the copper, gold, and zinc, have been reported to act against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms. Biosynthesized metallic NPs such as silver, copper, gold, and zinc, bacteria such as B.subtilis, E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. These NPs showed inhibitory actions have been reported to act against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as B. subtilis, against some pathogenic fungi including A. niger, F. oxysporum, A. fumigatus, and inhibitory effects E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. These NPs showed inhibitory actions against some pathogenic against other pathogenic microbes [163]. The silver NPs have received more attention due to “green fungi including A. niger, F. oxysporum, A. fumigatus, and inhibitory effects against other pathogenic synthesis” from plants, bacteria, fungi or yeasts [164]. Fouda et al. [43] observed the antimicrobial microbes [163]. The silver NPs have received more attention due to “green synthesis” from plants, activity of green synthesized AgNPs from endophytic Streptomyces against four plant pathogenic bacteria, fungi or yeasts [164]. Fouda et al. [43] observed the antimicrobial activity of green synthesized fungi represented by Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythiumultimum, and Aspergillus niger. AgNPs from endophytic Streptomyces against four plant pathogenic fungi represented by Alternaria The green synthesized ZnONPs and TiO2NPs with lemon fruit extract at room temperature showed alternata, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythiumultimum, and Aspergillus niger. The green synthesized ZnONPs their antibacterial activities against Dickeya dadantii, a causal bacterium of sweet potato stem and root and TiO2NPs with lemon fruit extract at room temperature showed their antibacterial activities against rot disease [133].The MgO and MnO2 NPs synthesized using chamomile flower extract showed Dickeya dadantii, a causal bacterium of sweet potato stem and root rot disease [133]. The MgO and activity against Acidovorax oryzae strain RS-2, a bacterium causing bacterial brown stripe disease of MnO2 NPs synthesized using chamomile flower extract showed activity against Acidovorax oryzae rice. Nanotechnology has potential prospects in plant pathogenic management in various ways. The strain RS-2, a bacterium causing bacterial brown stripe disease of rice. Nanotechnology has potential most commonly used method is the direct application of NPs to seeds or foliar spray against the plant prospects in plant pathogenic management in various ways. The most commonly used method is the pathogens, which are more greatly suppressed compared to chemical pesticides. In another method, direct application of NPs to seeds or foliar spray against the plant pathogens, which are more greatly nanomaterials are used as carrier materials of chemical active ingredients for controlled release of suppressed compared to chemical pesticides. In another method, nanomaterials are used as carrier pesticides [1]. Here, we list the green synthesized metallic NPs with their size, shape, and targeting materials of chemical active ingredients for controlled release of pesticides [1]. Here, we list the green plant pathogens in Tables 1 and 2. synthesized metallic NPs with their size, shape, and targeting plant pathogens in Tables 1 and 2. Figure 2. Application of nanoparticles in various fields. Figure 2. Application of nanoparticles in various fields.PDF Image | Plant and Microbe-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
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