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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1146 13 of 24 human beings. Below, we discuss the toxicity or adverse effects of metallic NPs on plants and beneficial Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 26 microbes in more detail. Figure 3. Adverse effects of metallic NPs on major elements (plants, soil and water) in agroecosystems. Figure 3. Adverse effects of metallic NPs on major elements (plants, soil and water) in agroecosystems. 6. Toxicity of Metallic Nanoparticles on Plants 6. ToTxihceituylotrfaM-smetalliscizNeaonfotphaerNticPlsesisotnhePlmanaitns cause to facilitate the inhibitory actions against the various plant pathogens. Indeed, this is the similar basic phenomenon of adverse effects of NPs on The ultra-small size of the NPs is the main cause to facilitate the inhibitory actions against the the surrounding environment, animals, plants, human and beneficial microorganisms [1]. The NPs various plant pathogens. Indeed, this is the similar basic phenomenon of adverse effects of NPs on can be applied to both the above-ground parts and below-ground parts of the plants to manage the the surrounding environment, animals, plants, human and beneficial microorganisms [1]. The NPs plant diseases. In addition, seeds may be dipped into biosynthesized NPs solution to manage the can be applied to both the above-ground parts and below-ground parts of the plants to manage the seedling diseases and the pathogenic attack at a later stage. The applied NPs may inhibit the plant plant diseases. In addition, seeds may be dipped into biosynthesized NPs solution to manage the pathogens locally in various plant parts and also may become translocated throughout the plant seedling diseases and the pathogenic attack at a later stage. The applied NPs may inhibit the plant system, thus reducing the occurrences of the disease. However, diversified NPs were subjected to plant pathogens locally in various plant parts and also may become translocated throughout the plant toxicity due to their uptake, translocation and accumulation in the plant cells or organs [178]. The NPs system, thus reducing the occurrences of the disease. However, diversified NPs were subjected to uptake and translocation depends on multiple factors such as properties of NPs (size, composition plant toxicity due to their uptake, translocation and accumulation in the plant cells or organs [178]. and surface area), dose of application, delivery techniques, and plant species. The bioaccumulation The NPs uptake and translocation depends on multiple factors such as properties of NPs (size, may alter the plant physiology affecting the growth and development of plants [179]. Metal NPs are composition and surface area), dose of application, delivery techniques, and plant species. The known to be highly toxic, even at low concentrations, although the NPs are rarely dispersed in the bioaccumulation may alter the plant physiology affecting the growth and development of plants environment [180]. Research into NPs toxicity in crop plants is still in its infancy, but the application [179]. Metal NPs are known to be highly toxic, even at low concentrations, although the NPs are rarely of innovative agro nanotechnology tools and products is crucial for agricultural development [181]. dispersed in the environment [180]. Research into NPs toxicity in crop plants is still in its infancy, but In most studies, for cultivated crop plants, such as tomato, wheat, onion, and zucchini, the excess the application of innovative agro nanotechnology tools and products is crucial for agricultural metallic NPs may trigger oxidative burst through the interference of electron transport chain. It also development [181]. In most studies, for cultivated crop plants, such as tomato, wheat, onion, and can impair the ROS detoxifying process, resulting in genotoxic implications [182–185]. As a result, zucchini, the excess metallic NPs may trigger oxidative burst through the interference of electron production of secondary metabolites and phytohormones are affected, and retarded plant growth transport chain. It also can impair the ROS detoxifying process, resulting in genotoxic implications occurs [186]. [182–185]. As a result, production of secondary metabolites and phytohormones are affected, and The toxicity and adverse effects that have been reported in plants include constraints in water retarded plant growth occurs [186]. transport in plant systems, decrease in the growth hormone production, metabolic disorder, oxidative The toxicity and adverse effects that have been reported in plants include constraints in water transport in plant systems, decrease in the growth hormone production, metabolic disorder, oxidative stress, chromosomal abnormalities decreased growth, deviation in transcriptional profile of several genes, raising susceptibility to natural toxins (e.g., Arsenic) [170].PDF Image | Plant and Microbe-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
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