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Polymers 2020, 12, 2441 7 of 12 However, the bare-PAN nanofiber membrane did not show such distinctive peaks in all spectra. This result clearly supported the presence of GO and Ag/GO composite into the PAN polymer matrix. Herein, we noted the difference of D-band and G-band ratio between GO and Ag/GO composite to Polymers 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 12 understand their polarity. As reported in previous literature, the G-band corresponds to the in-plane 22 vtiobrtahteioin-opflsapnecvairbroantidonomoafinsps ancadrbthoenDd-obmanadinis asnsdoctihaetedD-wbiatnhdthies satsrsuocctuiartaelddewfeitchtstahnedsetrdugcetsuroafl 33 GdOef,eicntsdiacnadtinedggtehseoofuGtOof,ipnldaniceatvinibgrathtieoonuftoorfsplaannedvisbpractaiorbnofnordsopmanindss[p46c,a4r7b].onThduosm,acionmsp[4a6r,i4n7g]. tThheuIs,/IcormatpiaoroinfgGOtheanIdD/IAGgr/aGtiOo cofmGpOosiatned, thAegm/GisOcibciolmitypboseittwe,eethnethmeiPscAibNilintyanboefitbweeresnanthdefiPllAerNs DG snyannthofeisbiezresdaunnddfeilrleorusrsyenxtphersiimzedntuanldcoernoduitrioenxspecrainmbeentparlecdoincdteidti.onAsscaindbiceaptereddincteSdu.pAplseimndeinctatreyd FiinguSruepSp4le, mthenIta/rIy FraigtiuoroefSs4y,nttheesIDiz/IeGdrGatOiowoafsyesnttihmeastiezdedtoG~O1.w07aasnedsttihmeartaetdiotono~t1a.b0l7yaincdrethaseerdatioo DG ~n1o.4t7abalfyterintchreainsceodrptora~t1i.o4n7 oaffAtegrNtPhse(Aingc/oGrpOo),raintidoincaotifnAggtNhePisnc(Arega/sGe Oin),stirnudcitcuartailndgeftehcetsincacuresaesdebiyn 223 bsrtorukectnusrpal dcaerfebcotns cdaoumseadinbsy[4b8r]o. kTehnissrpescualrtbimonpldieosmthaiantsth[4e8N].aTBhHis rceasnulteiamdptolieasntihnactrethaeseNinaBthHe4scpan 4 alneaddsptocarnbioncrdeoamseainsthanedspdeacnredaseptchaerobxoyngdenomfuaninctsioanadl gdreocurepassientGheOo[x4y5g].enAsfusnucthio, tnhailsgcrhoeumpiscainl 3 sGtrOuc[t4u5re].cAhsansguechin, tGhiOs chanemaliscoalesatrdutcotuardeecchraeansgeeoifnitGsOhycdarnopalhsioliclenaadtutorea, wdehcicrehacsaenoafffitescthiyndcreoapshinilgic tnhaetruerdeu, wctihoinchocfamnisacffibeciltitiyncwreitahsitnhgethyedrreodpuhcitliocnPAofNmnisacniobfiilbiteyr.with the hydrophilic PAN nanofiber. Figure 3. Raman spectra of nanofiber membranes. Figure 3. Raman spectra of nanofiber membranes. 3.2. Antimicrobial Activity and Water Treatment Characterization of Nanofiber Membranes 3.2. Antimicrobial Activity and Water Treatment Characterization of Nanofiber Membranes Figure 4 and Table 1 show the antibacterial activity of nanofiber membranes incorporated with Figure 4 and Table 1 show the antibacterial activity of nanofiber membranes incorporated with GO and Ag/GO composite against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. GO and Ag/GO composite against Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. The The Ag/GO-containing PAN nanofiber membrane exhibited an applicable antimicrobial activity against Ag/GO-containing PAN nanofiber membrane exhibited an applicable antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, which were compared to those of the GO-PAN both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains, which were compared to those of the GO- nanofiber membrane. This result was expected that the GO fillers were not directly exposed to the PAN nanofiber membrane. This result was expected that the GO fillers were not directly exposed to bacterial strain since the hydrophilic nature led to the formation of an embedded state of GO that the bacterial strain since the hydrophilic nature led to the formation of an embedded state of GO that can readily occur due to their good miscibility. With this assumption, the control experiment was can readily occur due to their good miscibility. With this assumption, the control experiment was carried out with hydrophobic polymer (polyvinyl fluoride, PVdF) nanofibers containing GO and rGO carried out with hydrophobic polymer (polyvinyl fluoride, PVdF) nanofibers containing GO and rGO for the Gram-positive bacteria because it only contained a single layer of peptidoglycan outside of for the Gram-positive bacteria because it only contained a single layer of peptidoglycan outside of cell membrane which led to a relatively quick comparison of antibacterial effect compared to the cell membrane which led to a relatively quick comparison of antibacterial effect compared to the Gram-negative bacteria (Supplementary Figure S5). Interestingly, the GO-PVdF nanofiber membrane Gram-negative bacteria (Supplementary Figure S5). Interestingly, the GO-PVdF nanofiber membrane exhibited a good antibacterial activity, which was clearly shown from that of GO-PAN nanofibers. exhibited a good antibacterial activity, which was clearly shown from that of GO-PAN nanofibers. The results suggested that the presence of GO between the polymer and bacterial strain can prevent The results suggested that the presence of GO between the polymer and bacterial strain can prevent their adhesion and growth due to the electrostatic repulsion and chemical interaction of GO [20,31,32]. their adhesion and growth due to the electrostatic repulsion and chemical interaction of GO Therefore, the physicochemical nature of GO incorporated into polymer matric can be considered [20,31,32]. Therefore, the physicochemical nature of GO incorporated into polymer matric can be as an important factor to control the anti-biofouling activity of the final membrane for the water considered as an important factor to control the anti-biofouling activity of the final membrane for the purification system. However, the GO-PVdF nanofibers were not considered in this study due to the water purification system. However, the GO-PVdF nanofibers were not considered in this study due poor reproducibility. to the poor reproducibility.PDF Image | Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Membrane Water Purification
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