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Polymers 2020, 12, 2441 8 of 12 Polymers 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 12 Figure 4. Antimicrobial activity of nanofiber membranes against (a) Escherichia coli (gram-negative) Figure 4. Antimicrobial activity of nanofiber membranes against (a) Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and (b) Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive). and (b) Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive). Table 1. Inhibit zone diameter (mm) of prepared nanofiber membranes for Escherichia coli and Table 1. Inhibit zone diameter (mm) of prepared nanofiber membranes for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus. Sample Sample Escherichia coli Escherichia coli - Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus - Bare-PAN Bare-PAN - - GO-PAN - 1.0 ± 0.2 - 2.2 ± 0.3 GO-PAN - 1.0 ± 0.2 - 2.2 ± 0.3 Ag/GO-PAN Ag/GO-PAN To utilize the prepared nanofiber membrane in the water treatment system, the general To utilize the prepared nanofiber membrane in the water treatment system, the general characteristics of the membrane were initially examined by monitoring the pore size and porosity prior characteristics of the membrane were initially examined by monitoring the pore size and porosity to the water permeability test. The bare-PAN possessed ~356 nm of average pore size and after the prior to the water permeability test. The bare-PAN possessed ~356 nm of average pore size and after addition of GO and Ag/GO composite the pore size became ~385 nm for GO-PAN and ~243 nm for the addition of GO and Ag/GO composite the pore size became ~385 nm for GO-PAN and ~243 nm Ag/GO nanofiber membrane, which was associated with their fiber diameters (Figure 2, vide supra). for Ag/GO nanofiber membrane, which was associated with their fiber diameters (Figure 2, vide Whereas, the porosity of the nanofiber membranes was estimated to be similar 48–52% within the supra). Whereas, the porosity of the nanofiber membranes was estimated to be similar 48-52 % within experimental standard deviation. From this result, it was evident that all the membranes prepared the experimental standard deviation. From this result, it was evident that all the membranes prepared were suitable for a MF grade membrane. The water permeability of the prepared nanofiber membranes were suitable for a MF grade membrane. The water permeability of the prepared nanofiber was examined as a function of time at 50 kPa (Figure 5a) without any wetting processes (e.g., alcoholic membranes was examined as a function of time at 50 kPa (Figure 5a) without any wetting processes solution treatment) because all the membranes possessed a superior wettability for the water source. (e.g., alcoholic solution treatment) because all the membranes possessed a superior wettability for the As shown in Figure 5a, the bare-PAN membrane exhibited the lowest water permeability (~300 LMH), water source. As shown in Figure 5a, the bare-PAN membrane exhibited the lowest water while the GO-PAN membrane showed over two times higher values (~650 LMH), possibly due to permeability (~300 LMH), while the GO-PAN membrane showed over two times higher values (~650 its improved hydrophilicity and bigger pore size. Despite its small pore size, Ag/GO-PAN showed LMH), possibly due to its improved hydrophilicity and bigger pore size. Despite its small pore size, slightly increased water permeability (~390 LMH) compared to that of bare-PAN which possibly due Ag/GO-PAN showed slightly increased water permeability (~390 LMH) compared to that of bare- to its pore distribution and shape associated with the tortuosity of cross-section [15,39]. Therefore, PAN which possibly due to its pore distribution and shape associated with the tortuosity of cross- the interconnected status of nanofillers into polymer matrix can highly influence the mass transport of section [15,39]. Therefore, the interconnected status of nanofillers into polymer matrix can highly water through pore channels by varying pore size, pore uniformity, and tortuosity of the cross-section. influence the mass transport of water through pore channels by varying pore size, pore uniformity, Additionally, the antifouling activity of the prepared nanofiber membranes was conducted with and tortuosity of the cross-section. hash wastewater (+9999 NTU) at the constant flux of 100 LMH by monitoring the reaching time to Additionally, the antifouling activity of the prepared nanofiber membranes was conducted with 2 bar trans membrane pressure (Figure 5b and Supplementary Figure S6). In case of the bare-PAN hash wastewater (+9999 NTU) at the constant flux of 100 LMH by monitoring the reaching time to 2 nanofiber membrane, the TMP was rapidly increased with the inflow of wastewater, while the GO- and bar trans membrane pressure (Figure 5b and Supplementary Figure S6). In case of the bare-PAN Ag/GO-containing nanofiber membranes did not change much during the first 15 min. This observation nanofiber membrane, the TMP was rapidly increased with the inflow of wastewater, while the GO- could be explained that more negatively charged GO and antibacterial Ag/GO composite prevented and Ag/GO-containing nanofiber membranes did not change much during the first 15 min. This the accumulation of organic foultants on the surface and/or inside of the membrane [49,50]. However, observation could be explained that more negatively charged GO and antibacterial Ag/GO composite they showed a similar tendency to that of the bare-PAN after 15 min operation. This was anticipated prevented the accumulation of organic foultants on the surface and/or inside of the membrane [49,50]. that the effects of the GO and Ag/GO composite significantly declined as the pressure of the inflow However, they showed a similar tendency to that of the bare-PAN after 15 min operation. This was of wastewater increased. This result showed that the GO and Ag/GO-containing PAN nanofiber anticipated that the effects of the GO and Ag/GO composite significantly declined as the pressure of membranes exhibited an outstanding antifouling efficiency over the bare-PAN nanofiber membrane. the inflow of wastewater increased. This result showed that the GO and Ag/GO-containing PAN Thus, the modification of polymer nanofiber membrane with a small amount of Ag/GO composite can nanofiber membranes exhibited an outstanding antifouling efficiency over the bare-PAN nanofiber allow for improving various properties of the composite membranes. Many variables should still be membrane. Thus, the modification of polymer nanofiber membrane with a small amount of Ag/GO composite can allow for improving various properties of the composite membranes. Many variablesPDF Image | Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Membrane Water Purification
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