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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1629 3 of 21 proven to be suitable carriers for the nanoencapsulation of polyphenolic compounds. The choice of carrier material affects the physicochemical characteristics of the encapsulated substances [44]. Food-protein nanoparticles and chitosan are the most commonly used nanocarriers for the delivery of plant polyphenols because there is solid evidence that they improve the intestinal absorption of phenolic compounds [34]. However, use of chitosan may be limited in the food industry because it has low solubility at neutral pH conditions and low delivery efficiency for individual components [45]. Recently, polysaccharide–protein nanocarriers have been reported as being promising for polyphenols encapsulation [46–48]. Active components bind to the protein part of the nanocarrier via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, while polysaccharides contribute to the prevention of enzymatic protein degradation in gastric conditions [49]. Polysaccharide–bioactive peptide nanoparticles can also be valuable nanocarriers for the encapsulation of small molecular polyphenols, providing better bioavailability of these valuable components [50]. Among polyphenols, the most commonly encapsulated are catechins, quercetin, eugenol, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), curcumin, and polyphenols derived from teas or essential oils (Table 1). Active Compounds Curcumin Curcumin Herb essential oils (containing high percent of phenolic terpenes) Curcumin Curcumin Curcumin Catechin Catechin (+)-catechin (−)-epigallocatechin Catechin Tea polyphenols (TP) Quercetin Table 1. Nanoencapsulation of phenolics important for food processing. Nanocarriers Particle Size (nm) Activity (Details of Research) Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Physicochemical Properties of Food Reference Gomez-Estaca et al. [31] Ranjan et al. [5] Silva et al. [51] Ozogul et al. [14] Chang et al. [43] Chang et al. [52] Ramalingam et al. [53] Tang et al. [54] Chen et al. [36] Dube et al. [55] Dudhani & Kosaraju [56] Liang et al. [57] Aluani et al. [58] Zein-nanoparticles (NPs) Nanomicelles Nanoemulsion based on herb essential oils 175–900 nm 30 nm 59.48–112.82 nm The nanoparticles showed good dispersion and coloring capacity in semi-skimmed milk compared to commercial curcumin. The nanoparticles thus enable the use of curcumin as a coloring agent in aqueous food products. Nanomicelles (natural colorants) allowed better intestinal resorption of active compounds and enhanced their stability. Essential oil nanoemulsions enhanced organoleptic quality of rainbow trout and effectively affected the reduction of bacterial growth. Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles for Enhancement of Functional Properties of Food Pectin-coated sodium caseinate/zein NPs Caseinate-zein-polysaccharide nanocomplex Chitosan-coated solid-lipid NPs chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid NPs Gelatin NPs Chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) Bioadhesive CS NPs CS NPs (using carboxymethyl chitosan and chitosan hydrochloride) Chitosan/alginate NPs 250–600 nm 160–210 nm 451.8 ± 19.62 nm Not reported Around 200 nm <500 nm 110–130 nm 407 ± 50 nm Not reported (>100 nm) Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles significantly enhanced curcumin antioxidant activity and prolonged release capabilities in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Nanocarriers exhibited good physicochemical properties and possibility for future applications as oral delivery vehicles for lipophilic nutrients. Chitosan-coated solid-lipid nanoparticles as carriers for curcumin contributed to increased oral bioavailability and affected the wider application of curcumin nanostructures in food. Chitosan/poly-γ-glutamic acid nanoparticles enhanced the oral delivery of catechins and improved antioxidant activity of catechins. Catechin–gelatin nanoparticles can be a useful antioxidant carrier because catechin and gelatin are mutually protected from oxidation and enzymatic degradation. Encapsulation of catechins in CS NPs enhanced catechins’ intestinal absorption and their bioavailability. Encapsulation of catechins in CS NPs leads to enhanced oral bioavailability of catechin. CS-TP NPs showed significant antitumor activities. Chitosan/alginate nanoparticles can be good carriers for quercetin because of their safe and improved protection of the encapsulated antioxidant.PDF Image | Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles in Food Industry
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