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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1629 4 of 21 Active Compounds Quercetin Quercetin (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Rutin Naringenin Phenolics of pomegranate peel Guabiroba fruit phenolic extracts Rosmaric acid, protocatechuic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid Thymol Thymol/carvacrol Thymol/carvacrol Eugenol Eugenol Eugenol Nanocarriers Poly-D,L-lactide (PLA) NPs Solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) Chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS NPs) Chitosan/β-lactoblobulin (β-Lg) NPs Chitosan-caseinophospho-peptide nanocomplexes (CS-CPP) Casein/pectin nanocomplex β-casein NPs Lyophilized pomegranate peel-nanoparticles Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic)acid NPs(PLGA) CS NPs Zein NPs-stabilized with sodium caseinate and chitosan hydrochloride Thymol/carvacrol liposomes (TCL) Zein NPs Zein/sodium caseinate/pectin complex NPs Sesame oil blended eugenol-loaded nanoemulsion Nanoemulsions (using gum arabic and lecithin) Table 1. Cont. Particle Size (nm) Activity (Details of Research) Reference Kumari et al. [59] Esfanjani & Jafari [2] Li et al. [60] Dube et al. [61] Liang et al. [45] Hu et al. [50] Luo et al. [49] Moeiniafshari et al. [62] Morsy et al. [63] Pereira et al. [64] Madureira et al. [32] Zhang et al. [65] Engel et al. [66] Da Rosa et al. [67] Veneranda et al. [48] Ghosh et al. [68] Hu et al. [69] 130 ± 30 nm 155.3 nm 440 ± 37 nm 100–500 nm 150 ± 4.3 nm Not reported <100 nm Not reported 202.5–243.8 nm >300 nm 204.75 nm 270.2 nm 108–122 nm 140 nm 13–191 nm 103.6 ± 7.5 nm Encapsulation of quercetin in poly-D,L-lactide (PLA) nanoparticles affected the increased solubility and stability of the quercetin. SLNs can be considered appropriate oral delivery carriers for poorly water-soluble quercetin because they enhanced their absorption. CS NPs can be useful carriers, providing better oral delivery and stability of EGCG. The prolonged release capabilities of EGCG-loaded chitosan/β-Lg nanoparticles affected the increase of effective absorption of EGCG in the human intestine. CS-CPP nanocarriers influenced the enhancement of intestinal permeability of EGCG. Sodium caseinate-pectin nanoparticles have high potential for oral delivery nutrients. They showed limited release of rutin in simulated intestinal conditions. The research results suggested that naringenin binds with β-casein over Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, which improved individual functional characteristics of naringenins, primarily by enhancing their solubility. Lyophilized pomegranate peel-nanoparticles demonstrated effective antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, improving cooking characteristics of meatballs and prolonged quality of meatballs during storage. PLGA can be used as a nanocarrier for phenolic compounds. Loaded-nanoparticles have showed inhibitory effect on Listeria innocua and good antioxidant activity. Polyphenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed effect against food pathogens. Better antimicrobial activity was obtained against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Bacillus cereus, while the effect against Salmonella typhimurium was less pronounced. Thymol-loaded nanoparticles had strong activity against S. aureus and other Gram-positive bacterium under the experimental conditions and can be used as nanocarriers for antimicrobial agents in food. TLC can be used to suppress biofilm formation in the early stages of bacterial attachment to food-contact surfaces and it showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and Salmonella. Application of TLC presents a good perspective for food quality and safety improvement. Phenolic monoterpenes give a strong interaction with wall of zein. This phenolic-loaded NPs showed higher antimicrobial activity and phenolics remained stable during storage and food processing. Eugenol-loaded colloidal nanoparticles can find application in the food industry as a dry powder formulation with antimicrobial properties. Nanoemulsion exhibited activity against S. aureus and affected the reduction of heterotrophic bacteria in orange juice, and it can be used for food preservation (against microbial spoilage). Eugenol-loaded nanoemulsion possesses powerful antimicrobial properties and can be applied in the food industry as a food preservative.PDF Image | Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles in Food Industry
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