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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1629 8 of 21 Antioxidant/Cytotoxic (Cell line/Animal Model) Assays Evaluation of cell proliferative activity (nonmalignant line of fibroblasts CCD-39Lu-isolated from lungs and adherent epithelial non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549) In vitro assay (Human dermal fibroblasts) Antitumor effect in vivo assays (CT26 mouse colon cancer cells) IOP reducing efficiency (normotensive rabbits) In vivo study of antidiabetic activities (Wistar rats) In vivo toxicological evaluation (Male Wistar albino rats) Table 2. Cont. Active Compounds The fruit extract of Ribes nigrum Resveratrol/quercetin Resveratrol Resveratrol/quercetin Curcumin Quercetin Nanocarrier Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) Liposome Polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid polymer NPs Chitosan NPs/polyethylene glycol modified chitosan NPs Chitosan CS-ZnO-NC NPs Chitosan/alginate NPs Reference Dobrucka et al. [72] Caddeo et al. [107] Jung et al. [109] Natesan et al. [105] Chauhan et al. [112] Aluani et al. [58] Hydroxycinnamic acids (HAs; ferulic, caffeic, synaptic, and coumaric acid) were successfully incorporated into lipid-core nanocapsules that can be used for the production of functional foods. This delivery system was able to preserve HAs in simulated gastric fluids and to enable their release in the simulated intestinal fluid [113]. Simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestions are a valuable tool for determining the bioaccessibility of polyphenols, and scientists researching the topic of polyphenol-based food nanocapsules must take into consideration the effect of polyphenol co-digestion with different food components and the complex interactions between polyphenols and a food matrix [30]. In the study of Pešic ́ et al. [30], enrichment of meat- and cereal-based products with grape polyphenol extracts appeared to be beneficial, but a review by Silva et al. [114] outlined both advantages and limitations of nanoencapsulated polyphenols when added to dairy beverages, since interactions with the food matrix may alter the bioavailability of polyphenols and even devitalize their function. 2.2.2. Antimicrobial Properties Frequent foodborne-disease outbreaks are one of the main concerns of the food industry. This is one of the reasons why consumer demands for the use of natural components have increased, which leads to the improvement of microbiological safety. Incorporation of components that possess antimicrobial activity into adequate nanocarriers can help control or prevent the growth of pathogens and spoilage micro-organisms [115]. It is assumed that polyphenols exhibit an antimicrobial effect because of their absorption to cell membranes and interaction with enzymes [32]. Eugenol belongs to the group of phenolic components that possess strong antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity [116], but it has low water solubility [48,69], and its applications are limited. Stable eugenol-loaded zein/caseinate/pectin complex nanoparticles obtained through a heat- and pH-induced complexation process could find application in the food industry as dry-powder formulation with antimicrobial properties [48]. In a study by Ghosh et al. [68], sesame-oil-blended eugenol-loaded nanoemulsion formation, as well as properties of obtained nanoemulsion, such as droplet size and stability, depended on the type of surfactant. This emphasizes the need for proper emulsion formation/stabilization using adequate emulsifiers. Nanoemulsion formed in this way exhibited pronounced activity against S. aureus and affected the reduction of heterotrophic bacteria in orange juice. It has been shown that thymol acts on Gram-positive and -negative bacteria [65,117] and has a strong impact on food flavor, but it is poorly soluble in water [65]. Thymol-loaded zein nanoparticles stabilized with sodium caseinate and chitosan hydrochloride obtained by liquid–liquid dispersion showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and could potentially be used as delivery systems for antimicrobial agents in food products [65]. In an earlier study performed by Hu et al. [98], thymol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed stronger activity against Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Formation of a nanocomplex between chitosan and different phenolics, such as rosmaric acid, protocatechuic acid, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, against food pathogens has been described by Madureira et al. [32]. Briefly, polyphenol-loaded chitosan nanoparticles had better antimicrobialPDF Image | Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles in Food Industry
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