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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1629 9 of 21 activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Bacillus cereus, while, against Salmonella Typhimurium, they had lesser activity. The obtained images by electronic microscopy showed mechanisms of bacterial-cell damage. After polyphenol adsorption, holes on the surface of the cell were noticed, and even lysis was possible. Other antimicrobial components in the nanoencapsulated forms could be even more efficient against pathogens. For example, natural antimicrobials from propolis showed better antimicrobial activity when they were in the form of nanosized particles [118]. 2.2.3. Health-Promoting Properties Besides antimicrobial properties, the potential health benefits of polyphenols were in a much broader scope of numerous studies in recent years. The beneficial effects of resveratrol, such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antiaging effects, can be improved by nanoencapsulation [119]. However, among numerous investigations, only few in vivo studies were performed to confirm the health-promoting properties of nanoencapsulated resveratrol, indicating that further research is required [120]. Curcumin also showed antidiabetic properties when curcumin–metal (ZnO) complexes were loaded with chitosan [112]. The addition of curcumin nanocapsules in food also resulted in improved functional properties (better solubility and stability, and lower degradation rate) while keeping its remarkable biological functions [121]. The study of Di Costanzo and Angelico [122] reviewed the numerous possibilities of silymarin nanoencapsulation, a mixture of flavonolignan and flavonoid polyphenolic compounds from the Silybum marianum seed, which has significant biological potential (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities). The synergistic effect of polyphenols is being studied, and it is known that certain polyphenol combinations have better health-promoting characteristics when combined rather than with the sum of individual ones [123]. Nanogels where tea polyphenols were encapsulated with lysozyme and carboxymethyl cellulose showed antitumor effects and represent a promising carrier for functional food ingredients [103]. There are numerous studies pointing out the useful biological functions of green-tea polyphenols: anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antihypertensive, antithrombogenic, and lipid-lowering effects [100], emphasizing the role of epicatechin [124], catechin [125], and other polyphenols that may find their function in food nanotechnology. However, the majority of conducted investigations were to estimate the anticancer activity of polyphenol-loaded nanoparticles on different cancer cells, such as hepatocyte, kidney, colon, oral, breast, and cervix cells (Table 2). Further, it should be emphasized that the beneficial effects of polyphenols were claimed in the literature mostly on the basis of in vitro studies, but were not demonstrated in in vivo studies. For example, a relationship has not been established between catechin consumption from green tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) and the maintenance of normal blood cholesterol concentrations, normal blood pressure, normal vision, normal bones, or the protection of DNA, proteins, or lipids from oxidative damage [126]. The same conclusion was reported for olive-oil polyphenols and the maintenance of normal blood HDL cholesterol concentrations [127], or for flavonoids from fruit juices and antioxidativity, and flavonoids from citrus and vascular health [128]. 3. Use of Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles in Food Packaging Packaging is a very significant operation in the food industry. Nanotechnology plays an important role in research and innovation in packaging technology, such as smart and active packaging [129–131]. Nanoparticle incorporation into packaging materials improves their barriers (gas/water/aroma), mechanical or oxygen-scavenging properties, thus enhancing food quality and prolonging the shelf-life [82]. In addition to improving the physical properties of packaging materials, nanoparticles add other functions, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, or act as nanosensors/nanobiotracers, enabling better food security [82,132]. There is a growing demand for the development of new environmentally friendly films for food packaging based on biomaterials [133]. Nanofilms compared to traditional food-packaging filmsPDF Image | Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles in Food Industry
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