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Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1629 11 of 21 Active Compounds Catechin (CAT); Catechin-Zn complex (CAT-Zn) Carvacrol Eugenol Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde Green tea extracts Tea polyphenols Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) Gallic acid Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) polyphenols Nanocarriers β-chitosan NPs (β-CS NPs) Starch and gelatinized starch SiO2-eugenol liposome Nanoliposomes (lipid bilayers of polydiacetylene-N-hydroxysuccini-mide) Pectin/papaya puree nanoemulsion Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose (HPMC) containing polylactic acid (PLA) NPs Gelatin Zein/chitosan NPs Zein ultra-fine fibers Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers Particle Size (nm) 208–591 nm 495–529 nm 315.7 ± 0.7 nm 100–400 nm 20–500 nm 47–244.4 nm Not reported 155.5–240.6 nm 327–387 nm 307 ± 33 nm/ 282 ± 39 nm Activity (Details of Research) Both CAT and CAT-Zn complex-loaded β-CS NPs exhibited a strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and L. innocua, and they can be used as food supplements or for incorporation into food-packaging materials. Carvacrol increased the flexibility, solubility, water vapor permeability, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of formed dispersion films, so they can be used as bioactive films. SiO2-eugenol liposomes have stabile and pronounced antioxidant activity during 60 days of storage. SiO2-eugenol liposome-loaded electrospun nanofibrous membranes showed strong antioxidant activity on beef, and, in the future, they can be used for food preservation. Nanoencapsulated cinnamaldehyde immobilized on glass surfaces showed significant antimicrobial effect, and, in the future, it can be used as an active packaging material for preserving liquid foods. Edible films for food packaging containing small droplets of polyphenol-loaded nanoemulsion had pronounced antimicrobial effect, because encapsulated cinnamaldehyde showed significant antimicrobial properties against food pathogens such as E. coli, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus. Films containing green-tea polyphenols showed a significant antioxidative capacity, and they can be used for protection of food containing a high percent of fats. CS NPs provided controlled-release of tea polyphenols, and this increased its antioxidant properties. EGCG-loaded nanocomplex can be used for protection of fatty foods. EGCG-loaded zein/chitosan NPs possess high antioxidant activity and can be applied against degradation and oxidation of fatty foods; moreover, in the future, these nanocomplexes can be applied as active material for edible films in the food industry. Gallic acid retained its antioxidant activity after incorporation into zein ultra-fine fibers, and thus this prepared ingredient can find application in packaging materials. PVA active mats successfully incorporated bioactive components from rosemary extract, showing an excellent antioxidant activity. This may find application for active food packaging, especially for hydrophilic and acid food products. Reference Zhang et al. [79] Homayouni et al. [141] Cui et al. [142] Makwana et al. [134] Otoni et al. [133] Wrona et al. [136] Liu et al. [143] Liang et al. [135] Neo et al. [8] Estevez-Areco et al. [144] Table 3. Nanoencapsulation of phenolics important for food packaging. The physicochemical properties of these particles can create a pro-oxidant environment in cells, which leads to the creation of free radicals and inflammation or even cell death [145]. Different in vivo and in vitro studies showed that exposure to nanoparticles may affect epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference [146], and it is certain that nanoparticles can cause DNA damage [147]. It has been suggested that the cytotoxicity of gold nanoparticles depends mostly on their size [148]. Another study on silver nanoparticles emphasized that size is a very important property because of the cellular uptake of these particles through pores [149]. A few of the most important silver nanoparticles and genotoxicity responses were listed by Manickam et al. [150]. The majority of studies showing nanoparticle toxicity are linked to their use in medicine and pharmacology, while risks concerning food consumption have not been sufficiently studied. Materials that are harmless to humans may show toxicity if they are nanosized, which leads to doubts whether nanomaterials deserve special regulative frames. A summary of EU and some non-EU countries’ legislations about the use of nanomaterials can be found [151]. Nanomaterial toxicity, behavior, and bioaccumulation are the main uncertainties because of the lack of sufficient scientific data.PDF Image | Polyphenol-Loaded Nanoparticles in Food Industry
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