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www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Scientific RepoRtS | for analysis of results. Two factor interaction (2FI) process order was the best fitting model for the particle size response, while quadratic second order model was the suggested fitting model for the PDI response. After that the results were analyzed by ANOVA. The optimum conditions were identified by graphical optimization tech- niques and numerical desirability function. Characterization of AgNPs. UV–Visible spectral analysis. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands of AgNPs were recorded on UV–Visible spectrophotometer device (Jasco-V630, Jasco Inc., MD, USA) at different time intervals during the green synthesis process. The wavelengths range of the spectral analysis was from 300 to 700 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). FTIR spectroscopy analysis for AgNPs was carried out on Ver- tex 70 FTIR, Brucker (USA). A thin film of the sample was allowed to form on KBr pellet and spectra were recorded. Particle size analysis by light scattering technique. The mean particle size (diameter) and size distribution (PDI) of the synthesized nanoparticles were analysed with dynamic light scattering measurements at a scattering angle of 173°. Measurements were performed using a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK), where the dried nanoparticles were reconstituted in deionized water. X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD measurement was carried out on X-ray diffractometer (Empyrean—Malvern Panalytical—Netherland), at X-ray power 40 kV and 30 mA and the spectrum was recorded by CuKα radiation with wavelength of 1.5406 Å in the 2θ range of 4°–80°, with a continuous scan type, step size (2θ) was 0.0200 and scan step time was 0.5 s. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Field emission SEM (Quattro S, Thermo scientific, USA) was used for the purpose of imaging of the synthesized AgNPs in order to study their shape and size. A small amount of AgNPs were placed on carbon coated copper grid. Then images were recorded at a magnifications × 160,000, × 480,000 and × 960,000. Antimicrobial activity of the prepared AgNPs. Antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs were analysed by well diffu- sion method that was reported by Jyoti et al.23 as their AgNPs were synthesized using a plant extract and the par- ticle sizes range was nearly the same as our findings. The analysis was carried out against G + ve bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Sarcina lutea), G -ve bacteria (Salmonella paratyphi, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans). In each plate, five different concentrations of AgNPs were tested (0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 mg/100 μL), ethyl acetate fraction (0.45 mg/100 μL) and silver nitrate (0.45 mg/100 μL). The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C, then the inhibition zone diameters were recorded. Data availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Received: 22 June 2020; Accepted: 19 August 2020 References 1. Samuel, M. S. et al. Preparation of graphene oxide/chitosan/ferrite nanocomposite for Chromium(VI) removal from aqueous solution. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 119, 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.052 (2018). 2. Parthiban, C. et al. Visible-light-triggered fluorescent organic nanoparticles for chemo-photodynamic therapy with real-time cellular imaging. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1, 6281–6288. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b01495 (2018). 3. Saravanan,M.,Barik,S.K.,MubarakAli,D.,Prakash,P.&Pugazhendhi,A.SynthesisofsilvernanoparticlesfromBacillusbrevis (NCIM 2533) and their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Microb. Pathog. 116, 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. micpath.2018.01.038 (2018). 4. Shanmuganathan, R. et al. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications: a comprehensive review. Curr. Pharm. Des. 25, 2650–2660. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190708185506 (2019). 5. Thi Ngoc Dung, T. et al. Silver nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents against African swine fever virus. Materials Research Express 6, 1250–1259. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6ad8 (2020). 6. Deshmukh, S. P., Patil, S. M., Mullani, S. B. & Delekar, S. D. Silver nanoparticles as an effective disinfectant: a review. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 97, 954–965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.102 (2019). 7. Marimuthu, S. et al. Silver nanoparticles in dye effluent treatment: a review on synthesis, treatment methods, mechanisms, pho- tocatalytic degradation, toxic effects and mitigation of toxicity. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 205, 111823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jphotobiol.2020.111823 (2020). 8. Jacob,J.M.etal.BactericidalcoatingofpapertowelsviasustainablebiosynthesisofsilvernanoparticlesusingOcimumsanctum leaf extract. Mater. Res. Express 6, 045401. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafaed (2019). 9. Pradhan, S. K., Pareek, V., Panwar, J. & Gupta, S. Synthesis and characterization of ecofriendly silver nanoparticles combined with yttrium oxide (Ag-Y2O3) nanocomposite with assorted adsorption capacity for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) removal: a mechanism perspective. J. Water Process Eng. 32, 100917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100917 (2019). 10. Anwar, F. & Arthanareeswaran, G. Silver nano-particle coated hydroxyapatite nano-composite membrane for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent. J. Water Process Eng. 31, 100844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100844 (2019). 11. Bratan, S. et al. World market for nanomaterials: structure and trends. MATEC Web Conf. 129, 02013. https://doi.org/10.1051/ matecconf/201712902013 (2017). (2020) 10:14851 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71847-5 9 Vol.:(0123456789)PDF Image | pomegranate leaves and their role in green silver nanoparticles
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