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252 KHODASHENAS et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 31(Spl Edn.), 249-257 (2015) hydrothermal conditions by using the Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor (SFTR) for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Microwave assisted hydrothermal process was having advantage of directly forming fully crystalline powder. It was also observed that with addition of aluminum and polyacrylic acid, a better control on size and morphology was possible 23. Figure 3 is a schematic view of the SFTR and its components. Fig. 3: Schematic views: (a) SFTR, (b) Y-micromixer, (c) Roughton micromixer (T-mixer) 22 Microreactor / Continuous flow microreactor Microreactors—also known as micro- structured reactors or micro-channel reactors—are very small devices, with channel dimensions of less than 1 mm, in which chemical reactions take place 24. Microfluidic devices are process intensifying devices, which offer several advantages over batch processes for the production of nanoparticles. The large surface area to volume ratio of microreactors offers enhanced heat and mass transfers in comparison with conventional batch reactors. This intensification occurs in microfluidic devices mainly because of control over heat transfer and effective mixing due to the reduced characteristic time of the transport processes. Moreover, efficient mixing is a key advantage in preparing narrow size distribution of nanoparticles in microreactors. In all, microreactors offer many opportunities for exploring and developing novel nanoparticle synthesis routes. Therefore, nanoparticles with a certain particle size, uniform size distribution, and desired structure can be generated through efficiently controlled reactions in microreactors 25,26,27. Microreactors can be classified to continuous flow 28,29 and droplet-based or segmented flow 30,31 based on their flow type. Microreactors can also be classified based on the material they are made out of (such as : silicon 32, polymers 33, metals , ceramicsPDF Image | Process Intensification for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
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