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KHODASHENAS et al., Orient. J. Chem., Vol. 31(Spl Edn.), 249-257 (2015) 253 (including glass and fused silica) 34, Glass-substrate microreactors 35 and reactors made out of capillary tubes 36 ). Three types of reaction consist of : Liquid- phase reactions, Liquid–solid phase reactions and Liquid–gas reactions can be carried out in microreactor 34. Wagner et al. (2005) synthesized gold nanoparticles in the size range of 5 to 50 nm from a gold salt (HAuCl4) and a reducing agent (ascorbic acid) in a microreactor 37. Singh et al., (2009) could synthesize gold and silver nanoparticles using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in microreactor by reduction reaction between metal salt solutions and borohydride with tri-sodium citrate as the capping agent 38. Wagner et al. (2004) synthesized spherical gold nanoparticles with the size range of 5-50 nm by using gold precursor and ascorbic acid, and they have used different flow rates. They found that by doubling the flow rate a reduction in narrow size is achieved in comparison to batch synthesis 39. Patil et al., (2012) Synthesized silver nanoparticles in microreactor and batch reactor by using sodium borohydride and silver nitrate. Two surfactants namely sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and N-cetyl N,N,N,trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were used to evaluate the effect on particle size by controlling nucleation and growth mechanism. The optimum conditions and parameters for microreactor was identified and maintained. Microreactor in which AgNO3 flow rate was 1 mL/min (0.001 M) and NaBH4 was 3 mL/min (0.003 M) shows minimum particle size of 4.8 nm 40. Xu et al., 2015 could synthesize nickel nanoparticles with hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent in a T-shaped continuous flow microreactor at 80 ÚC . Nickel nanoparticles have attracted a large amount of interest for their magnetic and catalytic properties due to the abundance of Ni compared to other group metals, which inspires research on size and shape control of nanostructures. Microreactors have gained much attention in the field of materials preparation due to the possibility of precise control of reaction and mixing conditions. The benefits from microreactors are high-surface-area-to-volume ratio, tunable inner-wall proper- ties, flow orientation and flexible- structure designs of the micro- mixers. Microfluidic reactors in comparison with bulk batch reactors can control the reaction more precisely which exhibit relatively poor mixing and mass transfer performance. Compared to bulk batch reactors, continuous flow microreactors can develop nanoparticles with a smaller mean particle size and narrower particle size distribution. The results showed that the mean particle diameter was decreased from 8.76 nm to 6.43 nm with the increase in flow rate from 15 to 35 mL/min 41. Fig. 4 shows the synthesis processes of nickel nanoparticles by continuous flow microreactor. Appalakutti et al., (2015) produced monodispersed copper chromite nanoparticles in a continuous flow micro channel reactor. Aqueous solutions of copper nitrate and chromium nitrate were used as the precursors. The particle size of obtained copper chromite nanoparticles was measured to be in the range 192–300 nm, relatively smaller compared to that obtained in a batch reactor 27. Fig. 4: The synthesis processes of nickel nanoparticles by continuous flow microreactor 41PDF Image | Process Intensification for the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
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