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Theranostics 2020, Vol. 10, Issue 20 9000 Figure 1. Silver nanoparticles synthesis: top-down approach and bottom-up approach, i.e. physical synthesis method, chemical and biological synthesis methods, separately. The top-down approach refers to the formation of metal nanoparticles from bulk materials, while the bottom-up approach refers to the growth of complex clusters and obtained nanoparticles from molecular components. Laser Ablation Method Laser ablation method refers to a pulsed laser instantaneously heat the target bulk metal immersed in water or an organic solvent to form plasma plume, followed by nucleation and growth of metal particles during the plasma plume cooling process and eventually form nanoscale clusters [62, 64]. During the process of laser ablation, nanoparticles can absorb photons through multiple pathways, including plasmon excitations, interband transitions, and multiphoton absorption, which are closely related to pulse time, laser wavelength, and laser fluence. These factors, as well as the type of aqueous medium, may affect the characteristics of NPs [62]. Different synthesis conditions, such as laser fluences, pulse wavelength, as well as solvent type, may affect the size of the NPs. The addition of organic stabilizers such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and PVP can enhance the dispersibility of AgNPs [11]. However, it is difficult for laser ablation method to control the size distribution of NPs [62]. Physical Vapor Deposition Method The basic and most commonly used physical vapor deposition processes are divided into two general categories: arc evaporation and sputtering [67]. The former refers to the utilization of a cathodic arc source in a vacuum chamber or protective gases to obtain metal vapor and deposit it on a target coating material to form a thin, adherent pure metal or alloy coating. During this process, highly ionized metal vapor generates plasma [68]. And the latter refers to using a high-energy electrical charge to bombard the target coating material and deposit metal on the substrate. In this process, ions and energetic atoms impact atoms and mechanically eject them from the target material. Recently, our team successfully synthesized a kind of very small silver particles which reached up to Ångstrom (Ång) scale for the first time with a self-developed evaporation–condensation system [21]. A pure silver wire was fed into an explosion chamber filled with protective gas Argon, following by a high voltage of 25 kV when the wire contacted the positive electrode plate. The silver wire was exploded and evaporated to yield silver vapor plasma. Then the silver vapor was rapidly cooled and coagulated to form Ag particles in the rapid cooling chamber with a water chiller at 0-4 °C. High-intensity ultrasonic and demagnetization devices were used successively to prevent re-agglomeration of Ag particles. In conclusion, the physical vapor deposition method can obtain pure and dispersible AgNPs with small particle size, but complicated devices and external energy are required. Chemical Method Chemical synthesis is currently the most common method to synthesize AgNPs (Table 2). The process involves the reduction of Ag+ (supply by http://www.thno.orgPDF Image | Silver nanoparticles Synthesis medical applications safety
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