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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 Environmental PI plants are much more compact than conventional process plants, thereby reducing carbon footprint during the construction phase. On the basis of their enhanced mixing and heat and mass transfer characteristics, PI plants require less solvent and energy. This would result in further carbon emission mitigation. PI equipment is designed with efficiency in productivity, selectivity, and conversion of reactions. It also influences downstream processing and any treatment steps – as an example, waste minimization is carried out at source, rather than cleaning up the waste downstream. This results in less by-products, less downstream unit steps, and dramatically reduces net energy consumption (Stankiewicz and Moulijn, 2004; Reay et al., 2013). It should be noted that PI can lead to highly selective units for downstream waste clean-up, if required. Energy The acceleration of heat and mass transfer in PI processes reduces reaction times significantly, which leads to energy savings during operation. An intense fluid dynamics may be used to minimize the concentration, temperature, and velocity differentials involved in transferring mass heat and momentum. A heat transfer process performed with very high heat transfer coefficients, as attested by PI technologies, generates less entropy and preserves most of the thermodynamic potential of the thermal energy. These translate into high energy efficiency processes which are not possible by using conventional methods (Reay et al., 2013). In their simplest form, compact heat exchangers such as welded or brazed pate units, where approach temperature differences can be very small, have high efficiencies in, for example, heat recovery duties. The Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE), for instance, can achieve a 98% efficiency (or effectiveness). Business One of the most important outcomes from PI processes is the shorter residence time for the similar product output. This strategy results in major cost savings. What’s more, the compact and efficient PI plants lead to lower capital costs with respect to equipment: supporting 4PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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