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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 7.1.1 Synthesis of nanoparticles Microwave was used by Kahrilas et al. (2014) in a one-step synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Microwave parameters (time, temperature, and pressure) were controlled by using a Box- Benhken design. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles of mean diameter of 7.36 ± 8.06 nm by reducing Ag+ ions from silver nitrate using microwave and the orange peel extract were confirmed in the study. Pal et al. (2009) also demonstrated the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using microwave irradiation of silver nitrate solution in an ethanolic medium. By using PVP as a stabilizing agent, nanoparticles with 10 ± 5 nm diameter were obtained within 5 s of microwave irradiation. Synthesis of uniform silver nanoparticles accelerated by microwaves using sodium alginate as stabilizing agent were found to be stable over a period of six months at room temperature (25°C) with no sign of aggregation (Zhao et al., 2014). 7.1.2 Crystallization Microwave-assisted evaporative crystallization was used by Pinard and Aslan (2010) to glycine molecules. They presented a technology called metal-assisted and microwave-accelerated evaporative crystallization (MA-MAEC). Microwave created a temperature gradient between the solvent and the nanostructures which accelerated the mass transfer and thereby nucleation. It was found that microwaves decreased the total crystallization time compared to the conventional evaporative crystallization (up to ~60-fold decrease). Niflumic acid was crystallized by a single-mode microwave irradiation and conventional conductive heating by Radacsi et al. (2013a). Microwave irradiation increased the evaporation rate which led to reducing the final product size. The crystal form was not altered during the microwave-assisted crystallization. 7.1.3 Drying The rate of conventional drying depends on the temperature of water or solvent. Increasing temperature will increase the rate of drying. However, it may cause overdrying of the surface. Microwave drying is different from conventional drying. Heat is generated inside the product by absorbing energy from microwave. The main advantage of microwave drying is the shorter drying time than the conventional drying. Microwave drying can be accomplished in seconds- 55PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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