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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 Figure 56. Schematic representation of the growth of cavitation bubbles in an acoustic field. (Ashokkumar, 2011) 7.2.1 Nanoparticle preparation An ultrasound-assisted process was used by Bhanvase et al. (2016) for the preparation of sodium zinc molybdate (SZM) nanoparticles. Ultrasonic irradiation caused rapid nucleation and restricted growth of nanoparticles. The average particle size was found to be lower using the ultrasound method (78.3 nm) than the conventional method (glass vessel with constant rpm magnetic stirrer by means of continuous heating, particle size of 340.2 nm). The ultrasonic-assisted precipitation method was also found to be more energy efficient than the conventional synthesis method, saving more than 92% of energy (Pinjari and Pandit, 2011). Ultrasonic vibration was also used by Zhang et al. (2012) for inducing the cavitation and acoustic streaming which mainly contributed to obtaining fine and spherical α-Mg particles. The solid volume fraction and average particle size were found to be increased when reducing the ultrasonic vibration temperature in the study. 7.2.2 Drying Ultrasound can affect the heat and mass transport processes. In different systems, such as solid-liquid and solid-gas system, the importance of each effect is different (Khalloufi et al., 2014). As mentioned in the study by Cárcel et al. (2012), in the solid-liquid system the implosion of cavitation bubbles could affect the external resistance at the outer solid-liquid interface. However, the cavitation did not take place in a gas or supercritical medium. 57PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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