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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 7.7 Plasma Figure 61. Industrial MSB reactor. Plasma, solid, liquid, and gas, are the four states of matter. Plasma is generated by ionization. Normally, plasma is defined as thermal plasma and non-thermal plasma. Non-thermal plasma is also referred as cold plasma when the temperature of the ionized gas remains close the ambient temperature. Cold plasma has some advantages over the thermal plasma, such as low operating cost, i.e. no cooling requirements, no special material required to construct the reactors, controllable, i.e. can be tuned according to the desired product(s), and capability of industrial level scale-up (Vons et al., 2006). Plasma can be used for solid processing where by energy is delivered to the solid particles which are then evaporated and discharged from the plasma region. Nanoparticles are formed while exiting the plasma region. Fulcheri et al. (2000) presented a new process for fullerenes production through a 3-phase thermal plasma (Figure 62) to overcome the limitations of the standard arc process (such as the carbon flowrate) for bulk production of fullerenes at an industrial scale. The plasma reactor could independently control the input carbon rate and obtain 3.5% yields of extractable fullerenes. 63PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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