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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 costs, and reduction in downstream unit operations’ duties (Boodhoo and Harvey, 2013). The following examples provide some insights into solid-related multifunctional reactors and hybrid technologies. 8.1 Reactive distillation Reactive distillation (RD) is a process whereby a chemical reactor also operates as a separator i.e. both processes occur in a single unit. The basis of this operation hinged upon the simultaneous production and removal of products, which improves productivity and selectivity, reducing energy use, and eliminating the need for solvents. This leads to intensified, high efficiency systems (Kiss, 2013; Segovia-Hernández et al., 2015). The conventional schematic is shown in Figure 64. Important design considerations include the liquid holdup and the amount of catalyst on each tray in the reaction section of the column. The RD applications are limited by some constrains e.g. the distillation and reaction must occur within a common temperature and pressure range, proper boiling point sequence for the products (the highest or lightest components) and the by-products (mid boiling components), as well as the difficulties in providing proper residence times (Noeres et al., 2003; Luyben and Yu, 2008). According to Hernandez et al. (2015), in all cases where RD has been applied, the variable cost, capital expenditure, and energy usage have been reduced by 20% or more, compared to the conventional set-up of reactor and distillation as successive processes. According to Kiss (2012), successful applications of RD include transesterification, hydrogenation, alkylation, and carbonylation. Isomerizarion of iso-paraffin from n-paraffin has also been reported to be carried out in RD. Figure 64. Conventional reactive distillation (RD) column showing the reactive section at the feed zone (Segovia-Hernández et al., 2015). 65PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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