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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 8.2 Reactive extraction Reactive extraction (RE) is also based on the principle of reaction and separation occurring within a single processing unit, hence huge reductions in processing costs and time can be achieved. RE can be categorized into liquid/liquid or solid/liquid extraction, the latter being discussed here. In solid/liquid RE, raw materials from solids (e.g. biomass seeds) are extracted into the liquid phase, where reactions take place. Currently, biodiesel production from oil seeds biomass has been investigated rigorously in RE, which is termed “in-situ transesterification”. Principally in this process, the oil-bearing solid biomass comes in direct contact with a short-chain alcohol, which acts both as the extraction solvent and transesterification reagent. This is a departure from the conventional process of extracting first the oil from seeds prior to transesterification. Catalysts are often used to increase the kinetics of this RE process (Kildiran et al.). As an example, Shuit et al. (2010) investigated the production of FAME (Fatty acid methyl ester), the primer of biodiesel, from Jathropa Curcas L. seeds with sulfuric acid catalyst. Their results have shown the huge potential of RE in biodiesel production in terms of cost reductions. 8.3 Reactive crystallization Reactive crystallization (RC) or precipitation, involves reaction between reactants to form a solute, which crystallizes into a solidified product. This process is based upon the generation of supersaturation via chemical reaction. It is a complex process that comprises of simultaneous reaction, mass transfer, rapid nucleation, and growth. Secondary processes could also occur e.g. aging, ripening, agglomeration, and breakage. Fine chemicals and pharmaceutical companies often employ RC to produce intermediates and finished products (Berry and Ng, 1997). Similar to other crystallization methods, the balance between nucleation and growth determines the products’ crystal size distribution (CSD). For example, high level of supersaturation may induce high nucleation rates and smaller CSD. Inclusion of solvent and trapping of impurities may also occur during the process. Other important considerations include bulk density, caking, and small/broad/bimodal CSDs, which would complicate the formulation and storage stages (Genck, 2013). 66PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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