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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 Novel batch RC processes (novelty in terms of formulation or operational optimization) are ample in literature and include the production of barium sulfate and L-glutamic acid under optimized conditions by Wang and Ward (2015), and the production of calcite nanocrystal by Lin et al. (2006). Continuous RC process has been discussed in Section 4.1.2 (in spinning disk reactor) and forms an application for the dual impinging jet mixer, discussed later in Section 5.3.4. 9 Technologies relevant to the IbD® case studies The following PI equipment/methods are currently not classifiable into any established PI categories. However, they are included in this review due to their importance in solid handling. They are classified into their relatable process i.e. separation, grinding, milling, drying, and granulation. 9.1 Separation 9.1.1 Froth floatation Froth floatation is a versatile method to physically separating particles based on the differences in the ability of air bubbles to selectively adhere to specific mineral surfaces in a mineral/water slurry (hydrophobicity). The particles with attached air bubbles are then carried to the surface and removed, whilst the particles that remain completely wetted remain in the liquid phase. The versatility is apparent when considering that it is possible to use chemical treatments to selectively alter mineral surfaces to have the necessary properties for separation i.e. controlled hydrophobicity. Some common examples include separating sylvite (potassium chloride) from halite (sodium chloride), separating coal from ash-forming minerals, and removing silicate minerals from iron ore (Kawatra). This method however, has been reported to be inefficient for fine particles recovery (in part due to the low turbulence intensity in floatation cells), which resulted in revenue losses due to the large quantities of valuable mineral being leached out. Improvements in this technology are attuned to remedy this particular problem. Air-sparged hydrocyclone Van Denventer (1998) described the air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH) to intensify the process. The device was designed to utilize the powerful centrifugal force developed in a cyclone, together with a high concentration of small bubbles in order to achieve effective flotation of 67PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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