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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 The mechanisms for the size enlargement consist of (Shanmugam, 2015; SUGaR, 2016): Wetting and nucleation – powder/binder first interaction. Consolidation and growth – granule densification and growth by layering and coalescence. Attrition and breakage – the breakage and wearing of the granules as they impact with each other and against the internals of the granulator. In general, the objectives of granulation processes include (Aulton, 2001): To prevent segregation of powder mix due to density differentials. To enhance the flowability of the powder. To produce dust-free formulations, which minimizes toxic exposure and process- related hazards. To increase the content’s uniformity by narrowing the particle size distribution. To improve the compaction characteristics of the mix. To increase the density of the blend, in order to occupy less volume per unit weight for better storage and shipment. To improve the appearance of the product. Based on the method used to facilitate agglomeration, granulation techniques can be categorized as either dry or wet granulation, the latter being the more prominently applied technique. The following sections discuss the recent progress on both methods. 9.5.1 Dry granulation Dry granulation is usually achieved either by roller compaction or by slugging. According to Shanmugam (2015), there has not been any significant advancements in dry granulation, except for a technology developed by Atacama LabsOy in Helsinki, Finland – pneumatic dry granulation (PDG) (Politi and Heilakka, 2008). PDG produces granules from powder particles by firstly applying mild compacting force via roller compactor to produce a mixture of fine particles and granules. The granules of size smaller or larger from the intended size are then separated from the mix in a fractioning chamber by entraining in a gas stream (pneumatic system). The intended size granules pass 78PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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