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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 Figure 76. Schematic diagram of the conventional wet granulation process (Shanmugam, 2015). Reverse wet granulation In this method, the dry powder formulation is firstly immersed into the binder liquid (under mixing in the granulator), followed by controlled breakage to form granules. The wet granules are then subsequently dried, and milled (Li and Reynolds, 2011). The advantages of this technique compared to the conventional wet granulation are: the production of small and spherical-shaped granules, improved flowability, and uniform wetting. This technique however, comes with several disadvantages: the granules are generally produced with a greater mass mean diameter, and lower intragranular porosity when compared to the conventional methods (at lower binder concentrations) (Wade et al., 2015). Steam granulation Steam granulation uses steam as the binder liquid instead of the traditional liquid water approach. In principle, steam provides a higher diffusion rate into the powder compared to liquid water. After the steam is condensed, water forms a hot thin film on the powder surface, which requires a small amount of extra energy to be completely evaporated. Among the advantages include: the production of spherical granules with larger surface area, shorter processing times, and ecofriendly in terms of non-involvement of organic solvents. The disadvantages are: high energy requirement for the steam generation, unsuitable for most binders, and sensitive to thermolabile drugs (Rodriguez et al., 2002). Moisture-activated dry granulation (MADG) This method distinctively uses very little water (1-5% to the mixture of formulation) in activating the binder and in initiating agglomeration, over the conventional wet granulation. 80PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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