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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 for the thermolabile drugs. Interest in this technique has grown over the recent years due to its many advantages over the conventional wet granulation (Maejima et al., 1998; Abberger, 2001). Freeze granulation This technique involves spraying droplets of a liquid slurry or suspension into liquid nitrogen with subsequent freeze drying of the droplets. By spraying into the liquefied nitrogen, the drops are instantly frozen into granules. The freeze drying results in the sublimation of ice without any segregation effects (Nyberg et al., 1993). This entire process is depicted in Figure 77. The importance of this technique is that the structure and homogeneity of the particles in the slurry are retained in the resulting granules. According to PowderPro (2015), the manufacturer of freeze granulation products – compared to spray drying, freeze granulation produces particles (in their case, protein particles) with light and porous characteristics. The major advantages of this granulation technique include: the ability to control granule density through the solid content of suspension, and the production of granules with no cavity. Figure 77. The freeze granulation process diagram (Shanmugam, 2015). Foam granulation This unique method in granulation substitutes the spraying or pouring of liquid binder with the direct introduction of binder foams. Adding binder foams rather than liquid spray eliminates the problems of inconsistent and unpredictable binder distribution in the final products’ quality e.g. tablet hardness and the resulting drug release. This advantage is due to the fact that the surface area and volume of the foamed binder are exceptionally high compared to sprayed water – this meant that the binder amount required is greatly reduced. 82PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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