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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 The void fraction is controlled so as to enable the ice/water slurry to move like a solid plug in free flow areas, but is able to flow like a fluid in constricted areas. The ice pig is able to flow in pipes with sharp bends, through orifice plates, through tee junctions, and even in plate heat exchangers. Experimental work have shown the technique could be used to efficiently remove soft fouling e.g. jam and fats (food industry), toothpaste (personal hygiene products), and fine slit and sand (river water cooled heat exchangers) (Quarini, 2002). Figure 82 demonstrates the ice pig capability in cleaning a pipe full of ketchup. Quarini (2016) indicated that the technique can be used to clean tubes of a few millimetres in diameter as effectively as for large pipes. This points toward its potential in foul remediation in small reactor tubes. Figure 82. The “ice pig” cleaning a pipe full of ketchup. Notice the relatively sharp interface between the ice/water slurry and the ketchup (Aqualogy, 2015). 9.7.2 High pressure gradients In microchannels, air bubble diameters are in the range of their characteristic dimensions and therefore are capable of blocking the entire cross section. Due to this, liquid flow may be completely blocked. As a result, high pressure gradients are often used to move the bubbles. Bubble clogging effectively reduces cross-sectional surface area and the heat transfer is lowered for any process. Clogging by gas bubbles can occur in microchannels during two phases – during the initial filling as the channel would contain air and during processing due to rapid coalescence and hence, bubble growth (Schoenitz et al., 2015). 9.7.3 Ultrasonication Benzinger et al. (2005) investigated the use of ultrasonic power to reduce fouling in microchannels. Their experiments utilized calcium nitrate/sodium hydrogen carbonate reactants, pumped through the channels of a microstructured device with increased 87PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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