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IbD PU Deliverable 3.1 operating temperature. This temperature caused precipitation of solid calcium carbonate on the surface, resulting in reduced heat transfer coefficient. An ultrasonic pulse of 1 minute broke up the fouling layer and the heat transfer coefficient reached its starting value (Figure 83). This study opened up the possibilities of sonification in diminishing fouling in microchannels. Another example of anti-fouling application of sonification can be found in Section 7.2.3. Figure 83. (Left hand side) the first cycle test without ultrasonication shows the channels covered with a layer of calcium carbonate. (Right hand side) the second cycle with sonificated channels showing residues of the precipitates (Benzinger et al., 2005). 9.7.4 Scraped-surface heat exchanger (SSHE) This is a mechanically-assisted heat exchanger (shell and tube) where the heat transfer surface is periodically scraped by a moving element – this prevents fouling and enhances mixing and heat transfer. This is very useful for applications with severe fouling tendencies and low heat transfer rates. Several variations are commercially available e.g. in Figure 84, Unicus Dynamic Heat Exchanger by HRS Group is shown. In this particular SSHE, inside each interior tube (where the product flows), a scrapping rod is fitted. This rod moves reciprocally and the mounted scraping elements fully clean the tube wall surface. Solano et al. (2011) evaluated its performance and have found that it promoted high flow mixing due to the macroscopic displacements of flow, which was induced by the insert device motion. The tube- side heat transfer coefficients were also enhanced as a result. Boodhoo et al. (2014) studied the capability of the reciprocating and rotating action of the wall scrapers to aid the displacement and mixing of solid biomass for potential application to microwave assisted decomposition of such biomass particles. It was envisaged that aside from helping in the 88PDF Image | Solids handling for intensified process technology
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