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Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1321 11 of 15 synthesis was adopted. Another important consideration reported in the aforementioned studies was the influence of the initial Zn(II) concentration: an increase in the precursor molar concentration usually led to an increase in the average diameter and a change in the morphology, causing an increase in the mean diameter and the occurrence of rod/wire-shaped particles. Analogous considerations were made in another study, where a continuous hydrothermal synthesis by supercritical water was reported [50]. Analogous results have been reported in the present study, where the flower-shaped particles obtained at a Zn(II) concentration of 0.5 M (Figure 4b), they changed their morphology to wire/rod-shaped when the Zn(II) concentration decreased down to 0.02 M (Figure 4a). The initial reagents concentration also influenced the shape of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD): indeed, bimodal PSD occurred when the Zn(II) molar rate was larger than 0.5 M—both at low and high inlet flowrates. This can be explained by considering that at higher reagent concentration and at fixed or lower liquid film volume values (as at higher inlet flowrate), the volume concentration of the ions quickly increased, leading to more Nanomaterials 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 15 possibilities for nucleation reactions, but also crystal growth and aggregation phenomena [51–53]. Figure 6. d trend with respect to ε (a) and τ (b). Figure 6. d trend with respect to ε (a) and τmixm(bix). The mean particle’s diameter trend with respect to ε and τmix was, of course, analogous, as the latter parameter depends on the former, and showed that the same minimum occurred for ri = 2.5 cm, at all Q values. The order of magnitude of ε and τmix were in line with those obtained in a previous study, working at similar operative conditions (Q = 0.1–0.2 L/min) [34]. It has already been demonstrated that when the mixing time of the SDR is in the order of 0.1–1 ms, the obtained particles can reach dimensions lower than 100 nm, as obtained in the present study [35]. The subsequent runs were performed by fixing the Q to 0.1 L/min and the ri to 2.5 cm, accordingPDF Image | Spinning Disk Reactor Nano Production Intensification
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