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Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 66 8 of 10 the morphological changes, which disrupted and affected movement and feeding, which resulted mainly in decreased swimming ability. Intestinal enlargement, loss of antennae and deformation of antennae occured in A. salina exposed to O. chinensis aqueous extract and AgNPs of O. chinensis. However, we failed to observe the significant changes in A. salina cultured in the control (saline water). From the results, the percentage of mortality rate was extensively increased, which corresponds to the concentration of aqueous and O. chinensis AgNPs. The exposure of silver nanoparticles of O. chinensis may generate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may cause cytotoxicity [34]. The synthesized nanoparticles of Odontosoria chinensis could be an alternative source of anticancer drugs [35]. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of O. chinensis aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of terpenoids, tannins, coumarins, phenolics and steroids. The FT-IR analysis results confirmed the occurrence of polyphenols/phenols in the silver nanoparticles of O. chinensis. The occurrence of tannins, phenolics and terpenoids are responsible for the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities of the silver nanoparticles and aqueous extracts of O. chinensis. The tannins prevent hyperglycemia by inhibiting aldose reductase in vitro and induced lens pacification on organ culture. Tannins also inhibit sorbitol formation in the lens, and might counter the polyol pathway induced oxidative stress. Suryanarayana [36] reported the anti-diabetic properties of tannoids. The high phenolic content of the aqueous extracts of the O. chinensis support the anti-amylase activity. The phenolic substances have the ability to interact with and/or inhibit proteins/enzymes [37]. The Spearman and Pearson correlation results clearly explained the dose dependent protection of the studied aqueous and AgNPs, with 0.982 of O. chinensis, and correlation was significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Similar to our observation, Shaik et al. [38] also observed the highest percentage of antibacterial activity in the silver nanoparticles of Origanum vulgare compared with aqueous extracts of Origanum vulgare. The Origanum vulgare extract failed to display any microbicidal activity up to 300 μg, but the AgNPs prepared from Origanum vulgare displayed microbicidal activity. Similarly, the viability of tumor cells treated with AgNPs were greatly affected (88 ± 4.44% cell death) compared with untreated cells (2% cell death) after 24 h of incubation [11]. 5. Conclusions The results of the present study clearly explain the toxicity, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory potentials of the studied silver nanoparticles of Odontosoria chinensis. The synthesized nanoparticles of Odontosoria chinensis could be tested as an alternative source of anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Author Contributions: M.a.A.J., S.A., H.D.M.C.—Designing the experiemnt, Supervision, manuscript writing, T.S., I.R.A.M., J.G.M.d.C., N.F.L.S.—execution of the experiemnt. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Souza, R.K.D.; Da Silva, M.A.P.; De Menezes, I.R.A.; Ribeiro, D.A.; Bezerra, L.R.; Souza, M.M.D.A. Ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants of carrasco, northeastern Brazil. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 157, 99–104. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Easa, P.S. Biodiversity documentation for Kerala Part 5: Pteridophytes. In Peechi: Kerala Forest Research Institute Kerala KRFRI Hand Book; KRFRI: Kerala, India, 2003; Volume 17, p. 36. 3. Nayar, B.K. Medicinal ferns of India. National Botanic Gardens Lucknow India. Bulletin 1959, 29, 1–29. 4. Vasudeva, S.M. Economic importance of pteridophytes. Indian Fern. J. 1999, 16, 130–152. 5. Toji, T. Preliminary Antibacterial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Odontosoria chinensis (L.). J. Sm. J. Pharmacogn. Herb. Formul. 2011, 1, 26–30.PDF Image | Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Odontosoria chinensis
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