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Stensberg et al. Page 18 74. Asharani PV, Mun G Low Kah, Hande MP, Valiyaveettil S. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano. 2009; 3:279–290. [PubMed: 19236062] ▪ Toxicity of starch-coated Ag NPs was studied in vitro using two human cell lines. Ag NPs induced mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress (radical oxygen species), and DNA damage in a dose- dependent manner. The authors propose the following mechanism of toxicity for Ag NPs: disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, leading to production of radical oxygen species and interruption of ATP synthesis, which in turn cause DNA damage. 75. Cha K, Hong H, Choi Y, et al. Comparison of acute responses of mice livers to short-term exposure to nano-sized or micro-sized silver particles. Biotechnol. Lett. 2008; 30:1893–1899. [PubMed: 18604478] 76. Chi Z, Liu R, Zhao L, et al. A new strategy to probe the genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles combined with cetylpyridine bromide. Spectrochim Acta A. 2009; 72:577–581. 77. Kumari M, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Allium cepa. Sci. Total Environ. 2009; 407:5243–5246. [PubMed: 19616276] 78. Yang W, Shen C, Ji Q, et al. Food storage material silver nanoparticles interfere with DNA replication fidelity and bind with DNA. Nanotechnology. 2009; 20:1–7. 79. Ahamed M, Karns M, Goodson M, Rowe J, Hussain SM. DNA damage response to different surface chemistry of silver nanoparticles. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm. 2008; 233:404–410. 80. Greulich C, Kittler S, Epple M, Muhr G, Köller M. Studies on the biocompatibility and the interaction of silver nanoparticles with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Langenbeck Arch. Surg. 2009; 394:495–502. 81. Rosas-Hernández H, Jiménez-Badillo S, Martĺnez-Cuevas PP, et al. Effects of 45-nm silver nanoparticles on coronary endothelial cells and isolated rat aortic rings. Toxicol. Lett. 2009; 191:305–313. [PubMed: 19800954] 82. Sung JH, Ji JH, Park JD, et al. Subchronic inhalation toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Toxicol. Sci. 2009; 108:452–461. [PubMed: 19033393] ▪ In vivo study that evaluated the subchronic toxicity of Ag NPs (18–19 nm) in rats exposed (via inhalation) to three doses (1.4–3.0 × 106 particles/cm3) for 6 h/day for a total of 13 weeks. Bile-duct hyperplasia increased with dose. In addition, several lesions in the lungs were observed. This study is one of the first to show hepatic damage due to Ag NP exposure via inhalation. 83. Shrivastava S, Bera T, Singh SK, Singh G, Ramachandrarao P, Dash D. Characterization of antiplatelet properties of silver nanoparticles. ACS Nano. 2009; 3:1357–1364. [PubMed: 19545167] 84. Sung JH, Ji JH, Yoon JU, et al. Lung function changes in Sprague-Dawley rats after prolonged inhalation exposure to silver nanoparticles. Inhal. Toxicol. 2008; 20:567–574. [PubMed: 18444009] 85. Takenaka S, Karg E, Roth C, et al. Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environ. Health Persp. 2001; 4:547–551. 86. Tang J, Xiong L, Wang S, et al. Influence of silver nanoparticles on neurons and blood–brain barrier via subcutaneous injection in rats. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2008; 255:502–504. 87. Ji JH, Jung JH, Kim SS, et al. Twenty-eightday inhalation toxicity study of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 2007; 19:857–871. [PubMed: 17687717] 88. Kim YS, Kim JS, Cho HS, et al. Twenty-eight-day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and gender-related tissue distribution of silver nanoparticles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 2008; 20:575– 583. [PubMed: 18444010] 89. Asharani PV, Wu YL, Gong Z, Valiyaveettil S. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish models. Nanotechnology. 2008; 19:1–8. [PubMed: 19436766] 90. Morones JR, Elechiguerra JL, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri JB, Yacaman MJ. The bacterial effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2005; 16:2346–2353. [PubMed: 20818017] 91. Martinez-Castanon GA, Nino-Martinez N, Martinez-Gutierrez F, et al. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles with different sizes. J. Nanopart. Res. 2008; 10:1343–1348. 92. Liu J, Sonshine DA, Shervani S, Hurt RH. controlled release of biologically active silver from nanosilver surfaces. ACS Nano. 2010; 4(11):6903–6913. [PubMed: 20968290] Nanomedicine (Lond). Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 May 24. NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPDF Image | Toxicological studies on silver nanoparticles
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