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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What are nanoparticles? Nanotechnology is one of the great advancements in various industries that manipulate materials on the atomic or molecular scales. Resulting materials have new characteristics and functions with very small sizes; these smaller materials are referred to as nanomaterials or nanoparticles (NPs) and defined as particles that are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension (Meyer and Kuusi 2002). Nanomaterials have attracted great attention for their unique, superior, and dispensable properties that can be distinguished from conventional macroscopic materials. Their discrete property arises especially from their higher surface to volume ratios and increased percentage of atoms at the grain boundaries. They represent an important class of materials in the development of novel devices that will enable applications in many areas, such as the physical, biological, biomedical and pharmaceutical area (Sigel 1993; Suryanarayana 1995; Gleiter 2000; Lee, Yeo and Jeong 2003). 2.1.1 Types of NPs There are many types of intentionally produced NPs, and a variety of others are expected to appear in the future. Most current NPs are classified into four types: Carbon-based materials, metal-based materials, dendrimers, and composites (USEPA 2007). The carbon-based materials are composed mostly of carbon, form of spheres, ellipsoid, or 3PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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