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Second, the mechanisms of NPs against bacteria rely on composition, contact surface, essential properties of NPs and the species of bacteria. Many studies about the antibacterial effects of different types of NPs have reported. According to Baek and An (2011), copper oxide (CuO) NP is more inhibitory to E. coli, whereas S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis are less susceptible. The antibacterial effect of silver (Ag) NP is higher than Cu NP against E. coli and S. aureus (Lu, Brauer, and Botstein 2009). S. aureus and B. subtilis are more susceptible than E. coli to nickel oxide (NiO) and ZnO NPs. Among the NPs, including CuO, ZnO, NiO, and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) NPs, tested against E. coli, S. aureus, and S. aureus, CuO NP had most antibacterial effect, followed by ZnO (except for S. aureus), NiO and Sb2O3 NPs (Baek and An, 2011). The concentration of NPs appears to be related to their antibacterial effect. However, some of those studies disagree with one another, which indicate that the mechanisms of NP toxicity to bacteria are very complicated (Bolla and others 2011; Lara and others 2011; Musee and Thwala 2011). Thus, it is difficult to classify the NPs as beneficial NPs and/ or adverse NPs towards bacteria. Another factor that can influence the growth of bacteria against NPs is the rate of bacterial growth. Bacteria that grow fast are more effectively inhibited by NPs than those that grow slow (Brown, Allison, and Gilbert 1998; Mah and O’Toole 2001). It is possible that the tolerance property of bacteria that grow slow is related to the expression of stress-response genes (Lu and others 2009; Stewart, 2002). Consequently, antibacterial effects highly depend on the particular strain. Another possibility might be the induction 7PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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