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of intracellular reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide which is a strong oxidizing agent that is harmful to bacterial cells (Jones and others, 2008; Sawai, 2003). 2.2.1.2 Antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs Among the metal-based NPs, ZnO NPs is one of the most studied. In 2006, investigations into the antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs against E. coli, done by Brayner and others (2006), showed that as the concentration of ZnO NPs increased, the inhibition of bacterial growth also increased. The results showed that concentrations of 1.3 mM or lower did not significantly affect the growth of E. coli. At concentrations of 3.0 to 10 mM, ZnO NPs showed 100-% inhibition of bacterial growth. Another study by Jones and other (2008) showed that ZnO NPs have inhibitory effect on various bacteria, including, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, and B. subtilis. Further studies by Jin and others (2009) showed that ZnO quantum dots and NPs of purified powdered ZnO were effective in decreasing numbers of Listeria monocytogenes, S. Enteritidis, and E. coli O157:H7. The reduction of cell number was greater at higher concentrations of ZnO NPs to all three strains. The result showed that 3.2 mg ZnO/mL treatment caused a 5.3 log reduction of L. monocytogenes and a 6.0 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 after a 2-day of incubation with ZnO NPs. The results of these studies demonstrated the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs over a spectrum of bacteria. The growth reduction was greater at higher concentrations of ZnO NPs. According to a study by Liu and others (2009), where ZnO NPs concentrations of 3, 6, and 12 mM were used to examine E. coli O157:H7, 3 and 6 mM ZnO NPs resulted in less bacterial growth as 8PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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