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aureus. As a result, after 8 h of incubation, the growth number of S. aureus treated with ZnO NPs in milk was 2 log CFU/mL lower than its control, while the number of E. coli was less than 1 log lower than the control. The antibacterial effect of ZnO NPs on S. aureus was stronger than E. coli in milk. These findings imply that antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs in food samples exists. Also, different sizes of NPs influence their effectiveness against bacterial growth. The study done by Seil and Webster (2012), showed that the smaller size of ZnO NPs, the stronger the antibacterial effect. An increasingly positive surface charge (which results in the NPs being drawn to the negatively charged surface of the bacteria) is another characteristic that generally enhances the antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs. More studies in recent years have been reported regarding the antimicrobial effects of ZnO NPs and their inhibitory mechanisms towards bacteria and fungi. Although there are no specific conclusions on the mechanisms of action ZnO NPs against bacteria, it is well recognized that the higher the concentrations, the greater the inhibitory effect. 2.2.1.3 Antibacterial effect of Ag NPs Higher concentrations of Ag NPs have been shown to have the stronger antimicrobial effect. In 2004, a case study using Ag NPs as an antimicrobial agent on E. coli as the model for Gram negative bacteria was done by Sondi and Salopek-Sondi (2004). The results showed that a concentration of 10 μg cm-3 Ag NPs inhibited bacterial growth by 70%, and as the concentration got higher, the number of cells significantly reduced. The concentration of 50-60 μg cm-3 caused 100% inhibition of bacterial growth. Also, the 10PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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