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2.3 Toxicity of NPs Some believe that nanotechnology will make great developments and enhance the world and quality of life, while others regard nanotechnology as too dangerous and risky for continuing their research due to toxicity issues (Woodhouse 2004). This is because the interaction mechanisms between NPs and living cells are not yet fully understood. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on NP-cell interaction mechanisms. These studies found that cells readily take up NPs via either active or passive mechanisms. However, intracellular mechanisms and pathways are more difficult to understand due to the properties of NPs. Particles of the same material can show completely different characteristics with the slightest differences in surface coating, charge, or size (Li and others 2012). This makes it very difficult to define the behavior and hazard identification of NPs when in contact with biological systems. Hazard identification of NPs at the in-vivo level is still considered at an early stage. The complexity increases when moving from an in vitro to in vivo model. The lung, gut, and possibly skin are the major entry routes that have been identified (Li and others 2012). However, much more research are needed to better understand mechanisms and pathways of NPs in the body following their ingestion or exposure. Some NPs seem to be able to take a pre-existing transport mechanism through the body using endocytotic mechanisms which is the same method that viruses do (Elsaesser and Howard 2012). Therefore, if the body is exposed to NPs, people have to be aware of the risk of toxicity of NPs. 13PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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