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2.3.1 Toxicity of ZnO NPs ZnO NP powders are widely used in cosmetics, pigments, coating electronic devices, and catalysts. Despite the widespread use of ZnO NPs, the safety of this compound for humans is still not clear. Studies about the toxicity of ZnO NPs and other metal oxide NPs to mammalian cell and organs have been reported (Wang and others 2008, 2010; Liu and others 2009) ZnO NPs were found to cause more severe damage than other metal oxide NPs in many cases (Lai and others 2008). Skin exposures via products and manufacturers inhalation during processing are predominant exposure ways of ZnO NPs. A study by Jeng and Swanson (2006) showed that mice exposed to ZnO NPs at 100 g/mL or higher concentration became abnormal in size, and resulted in cellular shrinkage. Concentrations of ZnO less than 100 g/ml caused a substantial decrease of mitochondrial function. Also, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and apoptosis were observed in cells that were exposed to ZnO NPs. According to another study done by Wang and others in 2008 through 2010, inhalation of 20 nm ZnO NPs (2.5 mg/kg bw) by rats twice a day for 2 days resulted in an increased Zn content in liver after 12 h and in the kidney after 36 h. Histopathology revealed damage in liver and lung tissues. Also, 20 and 120 nm ZnO NPs were discovered in the bone, kidney, and pancreas in healthy adult mice after exposed to ZnO NPs. Lin and others (2009) found both micro- and nano-sized ZnO particles in human lung epithelial cells, which indicated that showed exposure to both size of ZnO particles could lead to cytotoxicity. The potential risk of ZnO NPs to human health and environment is an inevitable thing, although scientists continue to look for the mechanisms underlying the toxic effects. 14PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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