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affect the antibacterial activity of NPs. For B. animalis, until 7 h of incubation, cell numbers of treated samples were less than 1 log CFU/mL as compared to the control. After 8 h, the number of treated cells followed similar patterns of the control and NP-free sample. By the end of 24 h, the numbers of treated cells were within 1 log CFU/mL that of the control. As shown in Table 4.1, L. acidophilus after 10 h of exposure to ZnO NPs showed 11.4% reduction in the number of cells which was the highest percentage compared to the other exposure times. For B. animalis, between 6 and 7 h of exposure to ZnO NPs about 10% of reduction was observed. After that, less than 5% of reductions were observed. However, at the end of 24 h of exposure, more than 10% reduction in the number of cells was observed. The results (Figure 4.1) indicated that concentrations of ZnO NPs higher than 12 mM showed mild inhibition effects on growth of L. acidophilus and B. animalis, which are gram-positive bacteria, and no inhibition effects on growth of E. coli, which is a gram- negative bacterium. Similar results were observed in recent a study by Baek and An (2011). S. aureus and B. subtilis (gram-positive) were more susceptible than E. coli (gram-negative) to nickel oxide (NiO) and ZnO NPs. It is currently impossible to explain the species sensitivity in terms of bacterial classification (Gram + and −). The biosorption of metal NPs to bacterial cells depends on not only the types of NPs, but also the microbial species (Hassen and others 1998). One possible mechanism of antimicrobial effects of ZnO NPs is suggested in several studies (Sawai 2003; Ghule and others 2006; Jones and others 2008; Li and others 2008). Antimicrobial effects of NPs are generally triggered by the induction of oxidative stress by free radical formation, ROS, and result in 26PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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