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4.2 Effect of Ag NPs on the growth of E. coli, L. acidophilus, and B. animalis Different concentrations (0.1, 0.4, 0.9, 1.3 mM) of Ag NPs were used to assess their effects of on E. coli, L. acidophilus, and B. animalis. No significant differences (P ≤ .05) between the control and treated samples were observed up to 1.3 mM of Ag NPs for the three bacteria (data not shown). There are several possible mechanisms of antibacterial activity by Ag NPs. One of them is because of Ag+ ions from Ag NPs (Sondi and others 2004; Morones and others 2005; Choi and others 2008). These reported studies showed that Ag NPs released Ag+ ions in the presence of oxygen and water (Equation 1). 4 Ag + O2 + 2 H2O = 4 Ag+ + 4 OH- (Equation 1) After Ag+ ions are released from the Ag NPs, there is a possibility that they affect membrane-bound enzyme functions in bacterial cells and facilitate the generation of ROS (McDonnell and others 1999; Pal and other 2007). Also, the electrostatic forces between Ag+ ions and the negatively charged cell membrane or wall may result in the inhibition of respiratory chain enzymes, a change in membrane permeability and ultimately cell lysis and death (Ratte 1999; Sambhy and others 2006). In the case of E. coli, the number of cells grew rapidly within 6 h of incubation using a shaker incubator. Therefore, one of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of Ag NPs on E. coli might be that E. coli used up all the oxygen in the tube so quickly that there was no chance for Ag NPs to be in contact with oxygen and to allow for release of Ag+ ions. Therefore, another set of experiment was performed using the same concentrations of Ag 29PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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