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charged cell membrane of microorganisms and positively charged Ag NPs. In this study, L. acidophilus and B. animalis showed less inhibitory effect by Ag NPs compared to E. coli. As explained earlier, Ag NPs release Ag+ ions when in the presence of oxygen and water. However, because they are both facultative anaerobes, L. acidophilus and B. animalis were incubated in anaerobic conditions. Hence, there was not enough oxygen available for the Ag NPs to release Ag+ ions. This could explain why these two bacteria were less inhibited by Ag NPs as compared to E. coli. Without oxygen, Ag NPs cannot release Ag+ ions which would have affected the growth of the bacterial cells. The slight inhibitory effect on the growth of L. acidophilus and B. animalis may be due to the Ag NPs exposure to oxygen during the preparations and experiments release of Ag+ ions. Additionally, compared to Ag NPs, ZnO NPs showed higher inhibitory effect on L. acidophilus and B. animalis. This is because ZnO NPs can release Zn+ ions regardless of the presence of oxygen. However, a study by Sondi and Salopek-Sondi (2004) used negatively charged Ag NPs which cannot support the antimicrobial mechanisms of positively charged Ag NPs. Therefore, another possible mechanism as described by Amro and others (2000) can explain the antimicrobial effect of Ag NPs. They suggested that metal depletion may cause the formation of irregularly shaped pits on the outer membrane of cells that can change the membrane permeability and cause leakage of internal cell contents. However, the exact mechanisms of antibacterial property of NPs to different types of bacteria are still not completely understood. Unlike the results of ZnO NPs on E. coli (Gram negative), which showed higher antimicrobial effects than L. acidophilus and B. animalis (Gram positive) to Ag NPs, 32PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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