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showed about 107 CFU/mL of bacterial cells. This indicates that not all cells were affected by ZnO NPs and resulted in leakage of internal contents and death of cells. Fluorescence microscopic images of cells treated with Ag NPs and the controls were shown in Figure 4.24. The control samples of E. coli shown in Figure 4.24A, mostly fluoresced green, indicating live cells. Many red fluorescence cells were observed in Ag NPs treated samples (Figure 4.24B) which indicate dead cells. Not only were there red cells observed, there were also green fluorescent cells. However, as compared to ZnO NPs treatment which showed very few dead cells, many dead cells were observed following Ag NP treatment. Figure 4.24 showed L. acidophilus and B. animalis untreated (Figure 4.24C, E) and treated (Figure 4.24D, F) with Ag NPs. Mostly, green fluorescent cells with straight rod shapes were observed in the untreated sample image (Figurer 4.24C, E). Both green and red fluorescent cells, in large clusters, were observed in the treated samples (Figure 4.24D, F). However, more green cells than red were observed in the treated samples, which indicated more live cells were present. Thus, the results of viability of cells showed that not all cells were affected by ZnO or Ag NPs and resulted in cell death. Compared to cells without NP treatment which showed well-organized single cells and non-clustered cells, cells treated with ZnO or Ag NPs agglomerated together and formed large clusters. Possible explanation may be electrostatic attractions between the negatively charged cell membrane of microorganisms and positively charged Zn+ or Ag+ ions from NPs. In the case of Ag NPs, these cannot release Ag+ ions without oxygen and L. acidophilus and B. animalis were incubated in anaerobic condition. In spite of the 60PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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