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CONCLUSIONS In summary, ZnO and Ag NPs exhibited mild antibacterial effects against intestinal bacteria, E. coli K-12, L. acidophilus ADH, and B. animalis Bif-6. Inhibitory effects slightly increased as the concentrations of NPs increased. Results showed that bacterial strains exposed to ZnO NPs for 10 h and Ag NPs for 6 h suffered the most antimicrobial effect. However, the number of treated cells were within 1 log CFU/mL less than that of the control and the reduction percentage in the number of cells were about 10% or less. Therefore, SEM and TEM were performed after strains were exposed to ZnO NPs for 10 h and Ag NPs for 6 h. The results of SEM and TEM images and EDS demonstrated the morphological changes of the cells and the adherence of NPs to bacterial cells. Some externally and internally damaged cells were observed. However, not all cells were damaged, and there were still many cells in normal size with intact intracellular structures and well-organized intracellular contents which correlated with the results of numbers of cells reduction. Also, results of the UV absorbance and cell viability assay correlated with the previous experiment results. The results of the UV absorbance indicated that no significant amounts of internal cellular contents were leaked due to NPs. Finally, the viability assay of bacterial cells confirmed that more live than dead cells were present after treatment with NPs. Overall results indicate that not all cells were affected by NPs. According to all results obtained in this study, ZnO and Ag NPs have very mild inhibitory effects on intestinal bacteria as compared to those of pathogenic 64PDF Image | ZINC OXIDE AND SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON INTESTINAL BACTERIA
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