2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries

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2021 roadmap for sodium-ion batteries ( 2021-roadmap-sodium-ion-batteries )

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J. Phys. Energy 3 (2021) 031503 N Tapia-Ruiz et al Figure 1. An electrochemical summary of various layered oxide sodium-ion cathode materials, comparing voltage, capacity and energy density. All measurements are in half-cell systems. [6] John Wiley & Sons. Figure 2. Crystal structures of P2 (left) and O3 (right) materials. Sodium ions are in trigonal prismatic (purple) and elongated octahedral (orange) geometries, respectively. The metal layers are shown in grey, with their directionality indicated by the grey arrows. power and energy optimisation can be addressed by the development of hybrid P2 | O3 materials [15]. Figure 1 indicates that there is a large combinatorial space of cation permutations that can be explored to improve power and energy densities, cycle life, and recyclability to meet the optimisation requirements of different industrial applications. Perhaps most significantly, layered P2 | O3 cathodes offer the opportunity to develop sustainable ‘green’ batteries that are only manufactured from earth-abundant materials. LIBs face ethical challenges associated with mining the metal-containing ores as well as economic issues related to material scarcity and the environmental impact of recycling toxic chemical constituents. Fabricating high-performance NIBs from safe, earth-abundant materials containing, for example, a combination of sodium, iron, manganese, 7

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