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Batteries 2022, 8, 272 12 of 20 American Chemical Society. The Na deposition on (b) amorphous carbon (AC) and (c) graphitic carbon (GC): the grey strips stand for the deposited sodium on the carbon, where uneven and large cracks of Na layers formed on the AC, whereas uniform, small cracks of Na layer formed on the GC [23]; with permission from Springer Nature, copyright 2022. (d) Na deposition on bare Cu or Al foils and MOF–derived copper-carbon (Cu@C) composite [65]. Reproduced with the permission of ref. [66], copyright 2022 Wiley–VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Another strategy to optimize the current collector is to construct a 3D hierarchical host for the sodium metal anode. In order to address the dendritic concerns in metal batteries, 3D current collectors have been widely used. The porous structure and sodiophilicity are two key parameters that affect the performances of the 3D current collectors. The sand’s time τ describes the time when sodium dendrite begins to grow, which can be expressed by sand’s equation [66]: eC02μa +μc2 τ=πD 2J μa where D is the ambipolar diffusion coefficient, e is 1.60217662 × 10−19 C, J is the Faradaic current density, C0 is the initial sodium-ion concentration, and μa and μc represent the anion and cation mobility, respectively. According to sand’s equation, the local Faradaic current density decreases because the high porosity current collectors disperse the charge due to their large surface areas. As a result, the formation rate of the sodium dendrites will be slowed down. In addition, the 3D porous structure also reduces the volume expansion of the plated sodium metal [67]. Considering the energy density and mechanical properties of the battery, the density of the current collectors should be light and should have excellent mechanical properties [68]. In terms of the constructing methods for 3D current collectors, many similar methods have been reported on LMBs, including template methods, electrostatic spinning, dealloying methods, and 3D printing. There are different kinds of structures that have been reported, such as gradient structure, Janus structure, foam, interweaved structure, and array structure [69–73]. Wang et al. reported a lightweight 3D carbon current collector derived from a fungi– assisted biosynthetic approach [74]. One advantage of carbon–based current collectors compared with metallic current collectors is their light weight. As illustrated in Figure 7a, the authors first inoculated basswood with fungi and selectively etched large lignin skele- tons through the oxidation reaction of hydroxyl radicals produced by fungi using the Fenton chemistry reaction [75]. This fungus–treated basswood (FBW) can be converted into a self-supporting carbon electrode (FBWC) with a short–range ordered graphite struc- ture after thermal treatment. More importantly, the prepared carbon current collector has vertically aligned channels and high porosity, leading to a decreased local density and uniform sodium deposition. The sodium/FBWC asymmetric cell exhibits a stable sodium plating/stripping for more than 4500 h at a high area capacity up to 10 mAh cm−2 and a high average CE of 99.5%. Although the authors did not show the full cell performance, this work shed light on the interesting idea of biomass–derived carbon materials as 3D current collectors for AFSMBs.PDF Image | Anode-Free Rechargeable Sodium-Metal Batteries
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