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Batteries 2022, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 19 Batteries 2022, 8, 272 13 of 20 Figure 7. Schematic illustration of the fabrication processes of the (a) 3D carbon current collector [74]; Figure 7. Schematic illustration of the fabrication processes of the (a) 3D carbon current collector copyright 2021 American Chemical Society; (b) 3D nanostructured porous carbon particle containing [74]; copyright 2021 American Chemical Society; (b) 3D nanostructured porous carbon particle con- tacianribnognc–asrhbeolnl-−csohaetleld-coFaetnedanFoepnaarntiocpleasrt(iPcCle–sC(PFCe)−CanFde)tahnedfothlleofwoilnlogwninugclneautciloenataionndaNnda gNraowgrtohwptrho- pcreoscses[7s6[]7.6R].eRperpordoudcuecdewdiwthitthhtehpeepremrmissisiosinonoforferfe.f[.7[7]7,]c,ocpopyyrirgighhtt2020222Wilielyey–−VVCCHHVVerelralgagGGmmbbHH& & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Co. KGaA, Weinheim. EExxceceppttfoforrcoconnstsrtuructcitninggaappuurere3D3Dcucurrernentctoclollelcetcotro,rs,osommeesosdodioipophhililcicmmeteatlanlannaonpoapra-r- titcilcelessuscuhchasaAsuA,uA,gA,agn,daSnndhSanvehalvseoableseonbineternodinutcreodtuocegduidtoegthueidineittihaelsionditiiuaml snoudciluem- antiuocnle[7a7ti–o8n1][.7F7o–r81in].stFaonrcein,sthtaen3cDe,PthCe−C3DFePnCa–nCopFearntiacnleospwaretrieclseeslewcteerdeaseslaechtiegdhlaysraevheigrshil-y brlevheorsitbfloerhAosFtMfoBrsA[F76M].BAss[7s6h].oAwsnsihnowFinguinreF7igbu,rtehe7bP,Cth−eCFPeC–hCosFteihsofsatbirsicfatberdicbatyedthbey the carbonization of super–cross-linked colloidal particles of nanostructured block copoly- carbonization of super−cross-linked colloidal particles of nanostructured block copoly- mers (BCPs), during which Fe-metal precursors are reduced to ultra-thin carbon-coated Fe mers (BCPs), during which Fe-metal precursors are reduced to ultra-thin carbon-coated nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized PC–CFe host presents ordered open channels with a Fe nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized PC−CFe host presents ordered open channels diameter of ~23 nm. Such a unique 3D hierarchical structure is beneficial for the initial Na with a diameter of ~23 nm. Such a unique 3D hierarchical structure is beneficial for the nucleation within the open channels, leading to an even Na+ flux and +the final smooth Na initial Na nucleation within the open channels, leading to an even Na flux and the final deposition. Na plating/stripping cycle tests showcased that the Na plating/striping was smooth Na deposition. Na plating/stripping cycle tests showcased that the Na plat- abletolastfor1500cycles(6000h,2mAhcm−2)withaCEof99–.29%and1200cycles(4800h, ing/striping was able to last for 1500 cycles (6000 h, 2 mAh cm ) with a CE of 99.9% and 8 mAh cm−2) with a CE of 99–.28%, respectively. The anode–free full cells with a high mass 1200cycles(4800h,8mAhcm )withaCEof99.8%,respectively.Theanode−freefullcells loadingofNaV(PO) cathode(~10mgcm−2)maintaina9–27%capacityretentionafter 3243 with a high mass loading of Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode (~10 mg cm ) maintain a 97% capacity 100 cycles. retention after 100 cycles. Regarding the method of fabricating a sodiophilic multi-alloy to guide Na deposition, Regarding the method of fabricating a sodiophilic multi-alloy to guide Na deposition, it it has been widely accepted that alloying strategies enable the homogenous distribution of has been widely accepted that alloying strategies enable the homogenous distribution of sodi- sodiophilic sites. Various alloying strategies have been employed, such as Na–Sn, Na–Au, ophilic sites. Various alloying strategies have been employed, such as Na−Sn, Na−Au, Na−In, Na–In, and Na–Sb [47,77,82,83]. Liu et al. proposed that zinc (Zn) foil could be directly used and Na−Sb [47,77,82,83]. Liu et al. proposed that zinc (Zn) foil could be directly used as thePDF Image | Anode-Free Rechargeable Sodium-Metal Batteries
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