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Batteries 2022, 8, 181 7 of 12 Batteries 2022, 8, 181 Na0.44MnO2 active materials, which is attributed to the improved wettability of the porous structure with the electrolytes, as confirmed by the wettability test where the contact angle is reduced from 112.3 to 60.3◦ (Figure 4e,f). induced capacitive (k1ν) and ion diffusion-controlled intercalation (k2ν1/2) contributions for each of the peaks by using the following equation (Equation (4)) [57,58]: i(V) = k1ν + k2ν1/2 (4) i(V)/ν1/2 = k1/ν1/2 + k2 (5) or tively, of a linear plot of i(V)/ν1/2 versus ν1/2 55. The plot (Figure 4d) for the qualitative comparison between the electrodes shows that the capacitive contribution is gradually improved with increasing the scan rate, which is attributed to the capacitive mechanism based on insertion/extraction of Na ions as a main factor affecting the electrochemical reactions of the electrodes [59]. Interestingly, the capacitive contribution of the 6.0 g/L electrode is higher than that of the 0.5 g/L electrode at overall scan rates. This indicates that the efficient charge transportation via the open-pores networking electrode structure acti- vates the short diffusion pathway and improves the specific surface area of the composite 6 of 13 Equation (5) means that k1 and k2 can be obtained from the slope and intercept, respec- Figure 2. (a) Schematic mechanism of controllable engineering the Na MnO electrode structure Figure 2. (a) Schematic mechanism of controllable engineering the Na0.440M.44nO2 ele2ctrode structure usinusgindgifdfeifrfenretnstusupsepnesnisoionnccoonnccentrationsdurrininggththeeonoen‐ep-optostpsrpayrianyginpgropcreossc,etshse, tEhDeSEiDmSagiemsaogfes of Mn element to visualize the cross section of electrode structures ((b) 0.5 g/L electrode and (e) 6.0 g/L Mn element to visualize the cross section of electrode structures ((b) 0.5 g/L electrode and (e) 6.0 g/L electrode), and the 3D surface images and the resultant height plots of (c,d) 0.5 g/L electrode and electrode), and the 3D surface images and the resultant height plots of (c,d) 0.5 g/L electrode and (f,g) 6.0 g/L electrode using 3D surface confocal laser scanning microscope. (f,g) 6.0 g/L electrode using 3D surface confocal laser scanning microscope. The galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles measured at 0.1 C expose a dif‐ ference in the electrochemical behavior among the electrodes (Figure 3a). Compared to the dense electrode structure made by the suspension concentration of 0.5 g/L, the charge/discharge profiles of the electrodes made by the higher suspension concentrations show six more distinct plateaus, indicating the consecutive phase transitions ofPDF Image | Cathode Electrodes High-Rate Cycle-Stable Na-Ion Batteries
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