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(see Figure 3f) when compared to the other electrodes (564.0 Ω for the 0.5 g/L electrode, the diffraction peaks toward larger 2θ values from 1.5 to 4.3 V [62]. There was a larger Batteries 2022, 8, 181 301.5 Ω for the 4.0 g/L electrode, and 222.3 Ω for the 8.0 g/L and 390.3–1000.22 Ω in the literature for slurry coated electrodes [49–51]), which also indicates excellent charge trans‐ fer ability for the open sponge‐like structures. This can prove to relax resistance for trans‐ porting both Na ions and electrons within the electrode [52]. Figure 3g,h shows that the 6.0 g/L electrode exhibited the highest gravimetric energy and power densities at all C 8 of 12 rates and the highest volumetric energy and power densities above 1 C, demonstrating its benefits, particularly at faster C rates. Figure 3. (a) The galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles measured in range of 1.5–4.3 V at Figure 3. (a) The galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles measured in range of 1.5–4.3 V at 0.1 C, (b) rate capability in (b) specific and (c) volumetric capacities, (d) plot of capacity retention in 0.1 C, (b) rate capability in (b) specific and (c) volumetric capacities, (d) plot of capacity retention in increased C‐rate conditions, (e) relationship of peak current density with respect to the varied scan increased C-rate conditions, (e) relationship of peak current density with respect to the varied scan rates for the electrodes made by 0.5 g/L and 6.0 g/L suspension concentrations during cathodic and rates for the electrodes made by 0.5 g/L and 6.0 g/L suspension concentrations during cathodic and anodic reactions, (f) EIS spectra and curves showing the energy and power densities of the SIB cells Batteries 2022, 8, 181 9 of 13 anodinc(rge)atchtieosnpse,c(ifi)cEaInSds(phe)cvtorlauamnedtriccucrovnedsitsihonosw.ingtheenergyandpowerdensitiesoftheSIBcells in (g) the specific and (h) volumetric conditions. Figure 4a shows the superior cycling capability of the 6.0 g/L cathode compared with the 0.5 g/L electrode at 0.1 C for 10 cycles and then at a high rate of 5 C for 90 cycles. After 100 cycles, the 6.0 g/L electrode maintained a specific capacity value of 100.1 mAh/g (90.2% cycling retention) despite the high C‐rate (5 C), whereas the capacity of the 0.5 g/L electrode considerably degraded to 32.5 mAh/g (34% cycling retention). The correspond‐ ing volumetric capacities are shown in Figure S3, showing doubling volumetric capacity for the 6.0 g/L cathode at 5 C after 100 cycles. The stable high‐rate electrochemical behavior of the 6.0 g/L electrode is attributed to the unique structure that provides an efficient path‐ way to access and accept abundant Na ions in the high‐rate electrochemical reactions [46]. Figure 4. (a) high‐rate cycling capability; (b) continuous b‐value measured in potential range from Figure 4. (a) high-rate cycling capability; (b) continuous b-value measured in potential range from 2.2 2.2 to 3.4 V along the cathodic scan; (c) CV curves of the 6.0 g/L electrode at 0.5 mV/s; each charac‐ teristic peak has the ion diffusion and surface induced capacitance contributions; (d) the quantifica‐ to 3.4 V along the cathodic scan; (c) CV curves of the 6.0 g/L electrode at 0.5 mV/s; each characteristic tion of ion diffusion and surface induced capacitance of the electrodes from the CV curves; and the visual results of wetting angle between the electrolyte and electrode surface; ((e) 0.5 g/L electrode; and (f) 6.0 g/L electrode). To better understand the design role of the Na0.44MnO2 electrode structure on the high‐rate cycling capability of the SIBs, ex situ XRD was used to trace the electrochemical behavior of the Na ions after cycling from the lattice [60,61]. In Figure 5a, the patterns of the 0.5 g/L electrode after 100 cycles between 1.5 and 4.3 V at the 5 C‐rate show a shift ofPDF Image | Cathode Electrodes High-Rate Cycle-Stable Na-Ion Batteries
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